  The Linux CD-ROM HOWTO
  Jeff Tranter, tranter@pobox.com
  v1.14, 24 March 1999

  This document describes how to install, configure, and use CD-ROM
  drives under Linux. It lists the supported hardware and answers a num-
  ber of frequently asked questions. The intent is to bring new users up
  to speed quickly and reduce the amount of traffic in the Usenet news
  groups and mailing lists.
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Table of Contents






















































  1. Introduction

     1.1 Acknowledgments
     1.2 New Versions Of This Document
     1.3 Feedback
     1.4 Distribution Policy

  2. CD-ROM Technology

  3. Supported Hardware

     3.1 ATAPI CD-ROM Drives
     3.2 SCSI CD-ROM Drives
     3.3 Proprietary CD-ROM Drives
     3.4 Parallel Port Drives
     3.5 Alternate Drivers

  4. Installation

     4.1 Installing the Hardware
     4.2 Configuring and Building the Kernel
     4.3 Creating Device Files and Setting Boot Time Parameters
        4.3.1 Sbpcd Driver
        4.3.2 Sonycdu535 Driver
        4.3.3 Cdu31a Driver
        4.3.4 Aztcd Driver
        4.3.5 Gscd Driver
        4.3.6 Mcd Driver
        4.3.7 Mcdx Driver
        4.3.8 Cm206 Driver
        4.3.9 Optcd Driver
        4.3.10 Sjcd Driver
        4.3.11 Paride Driver
        4.3.12 SCSI Driver
        4.3.13 IDECD Driver
     4.4 Booting the Linux Kernel
     4.5 Mounting, Unmounting, and Ejecting Devices
     4.6 Troubleshooting
        4.6.1 Step 1: Make sure you are really running the kernel you compiled
        4.6.2 Step 2: Make sure the proper kernel drivers are compiled in
        4.6.3 Step 3: Did the kernel detect your drive during booting?
        4.6.4 Step 4: Can you read data from the drive?
        4.6.5 Step 5: Can you mount the drive?
        4.6.6 Debugging Audio Problems
        4.6.7 When All Else Fails

  5. Applications

     5.1 Audio CD Players
     5.2 PhotoCD
     5.3 Mkisofs
     5.4 ISO-9660 Utilities

  6. Answers to Frequently Asked Questions

     6.1 How can a non-root user mount and unmount discs?
     6.2 Why do I get device is busy when unmounting a CD-ROM?
     6.3 How do I export a CD-ROM to other hosts over NFS?
     6.4 Can I boot Linux from a CD-ROM?
     6.5 How can I read digital data from audio CDs?
     6.6 Why doesn't the find command work properly?
     6.7 Does Linux support any recordable CD-ROM drives?
     6.8 Why do I get mount: Read-only file system when mounting a CD-ROM?
     6.9 Why does the disc tray open when I shut down the system?
     6.10 I have a "special" CD that can't be mounted
     6.11 Do multi-platter CD-ROM drives work with Linux?
     6.12 I get "/cdrom: Permission denied" errors
     6.13 How do I interpret IDE CD kernel error messages?
     6.14 How can I tell what speed CD-ROM I have?
     6.15 My CD-ROM stopped working after Linux was installed
     6.16 There are "hidden" files on a CD which I can't read
     6.17 Where is the CD-ROM API documented?
     6.18 Why don't I see long filenames on this Windows CD-ROM?
     6.19 Is Microsoft's Joliet filesystem supported?
     6.20 Does Linux support "enhanced" CDs?
     6.21 Does Linux support DVD-ROM?
     6.22 Does Linux support CD-RW?

  7. References



  ______________________________________________________________________

  1.  Introduction


  This is the Linux CD-ROM HOWTO. It is intended as a quick reference
  covering everything you need to know to install and configure CD-ROM
  hardware under Linux. Frequently asked questions related to CD-ROM are
  answered, and references are given to other sources of information
  related to CD-ROM applications and technology.


  1.1.  Acknowledgments


  Much of this information came from the documentation and source files
  provided with the Linux kernel, the Internet alt.cdrom newsgroup FAQ,
  and input from Linux users.

  Thanks to the SGML Tools package, this HOWTO is available in several
  formats, all generated from a common source file.


  1.2.  New Versions Of This Document


  New versions of this document will be periodically posted to the
  comp.os.linux.answers newsgroup. They will also be uploaded to various
  anonymous ftp sites that archive such information including
  <ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/>.

  Hypertext versions of this and other Linux HOWTOs are available on
  many world-wide web sites, including
  <http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/>. Most Linux CD-ROM distributions
  include the HOWTOs, often under the /usr/doc directory, and you can
  also buy printed copies from several vendors. Sometimes the HOWTOs
  available from CD-ROM vendors, ftp sites, and printed format are out
  of date. If the date on this HOWTO is more than six months in the
  past, then a newer copy is probably available on the Internet.

  Please note that, due to the dynamic nature of the Internet, all web
  and ftp links listed in this document are subject to change.

  Translations of this document are available in several languages:

  Chinese:  <http://www.linux.org.tw/CLDP/CDROM-HOWTO.html>

  French:  <http://www.freenix.org/unix/linux/HOWTO/>


  Japanese:  <http://jf.linux.or.jp/JF/JF.html/>

  Polish:  <http://www.jtz.org.pl/Html/CDROM-HOWTO.pl.html>

  Spanish:  <ftp://ftp.insflug.org/es>

  Swedish:  <http://www.swe-doc.linux.nu/>

  Most translations of this and other Linux HOWTOs can also be found at
  <http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/translations/> and
  <ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/translations/>. If you
  make a translation of this document into another language, let me know
  and I'll include a reference to it here.


  1.3.  Feedback


  I rely on you, the reader, to make this HOWTO useful. If you have any
  suggestions, corrections, or comments, please send them to me,
  tranter@pobox.com, and I will try to incorporate them in the next
  revision.

  I am also willing to answer general questions on CD-ROM under Linux,
  as best I can. Before doing so, please read all of the information in
  this HOWTO, and then send me detailed information about the problem.
  Please do not ask me about using CD-ROM drives under operating systems
  other than Linux.

  If you publish this document on a CD-ROM or in hardcopy form, a
  complimentary copy would be appreciated; mail me for my postal
  address. Also consider making a donation to the Linux Documentation
  Project to help support free documentation for Linux. Contact the
  Linux HOWTO coordinator, Tim Bynum (linux-howto@metalab.unc.edu), for
  more information.


  1.4.  Distribution Policy


  Copyright (c) 1995-1999 by Jeff Tranter. This document may be
  distributed under the terms set forth in the LDP license at
  <http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/COPYRIGHT.html>.


  2.  CD-ROM Technology



  "CD-ROM is read-only memory, and audio compact disc system is
  available as package-media of digital data for those purpose. For
  playing audio CD, please insert Head-phone jack."
  --- from a CD-ROM instruction manual



  Don't Panic! The world of CD-ROM technology is not as confusing as
  your instruction manual.

  CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc Read-Only Memory, a mass storage medium
  utilizing an optical laser to read microscopic pits on the aluminized
  layer of a polycarbonate disc. The same format is used for audio
  Compact Discs. Because of its high storage capacity, reliability, and
  low cost, CD-ROM has become an increasingly popular storage media.


  The storage capacity of a CD-ROM disc is approximately 650 megabytes,
  equivalent to over 500 high density 3.5" floppy disks or roughly
  250,000 typed pages.

  First generation drives (known as single speed), provided a transfer
  rate of approximately 150 kilobytes per second. Hardware manufacturers
  then introduced double speed (300 kB/sec), quad speed (600 kB/sec),
  and higher. Current drives operate at up to 40 times speed, although
  the maximum rate is only achievable over certain portions of the disc
  surface.

  Most CD-ROM drives use either the Small Computer Systems Interface
  (SCSI), ATAPI enhanced IDE interface, or a vendor proprietary
  interface. They also typically support playing audio CDs via an
  external headphone jack or line level output. Some CDs also allow
  reading the frames of data from audio CDs in digital form.

  CD-ROMs are usually formatted with an ISO-9660 (formerly called High
  Sierra) file system. This format restricts filenames to the MS-DOS
  style (8+3 characters). The Rock Ridge Extensions use undefined fields
  in the ISO-9660 standard to support longer filenames and additional
  Unix style information (e.g. file ownership, symbolic links, etc.).
  Microsoft has defined a proprietary ISO file system extension called
  Joliet which supports long filenames using the 16-bit UNICODE
  character encoding.

  PhotoCD is a standard developed by Kodak for storing photographic
  images as digital data on a CD-ROM. With appropriate software, you can
  view the images on a computer, manipulate them, or send them to a
  printer. Information can be added to a PhotoCD at a later date; this
  is known as multi-session capability.

  CD recorders (CD-R) allow writing onto a special "gold" CD which can
  then be read by any CD-ROM drive. Data can only be written once,
  although using multi-session new data can be appended to a disc. These
  drives are now becoming increasingly affordable.

  CD-RW (read/write) drives support multiple writing of data to CDs.
  They use special discs which cannot be read using standard CD-ROM
  drives, although the CD-RW drives themselves can read standard discs.

  DVD-ROM expands the storage of a CD to as much as 17 gigabytes. They
  are commonly used as a medium for distributing full length motion
  pictures encoded using the MPEG-2 format. The MPEG video decoding is
  usually performed using specialized decoder hardware.


  3.  Supported Hardware


  This section lists the CD-ROM drivers and interfaces that are
  currently supported under Linux. The information here is based on the
  latest stable Linux kernel, which at time of writing was version
  2.2.4.

  This information is only valid for Linux on the Intel platform. Much
  of it is applicable to Linux on other processor architectures as well.


  3.1.  ATAPI CD-ROM Drives


  ATAPI (ATA Packet Interface) is a protocol for controlling mass
  storage devices. It builds on the ATA (AT Attachment) interface, the
  official ANSI standard name for the IDE interface developed for hard
  disk drives. ATAPI is commonly used for hard disks, CD-ROM drives,
  tape drives, and other devices. Currently the most popular type of
  interface, it offers most of the functionality of SCSI, without the
  need for an expensive controller or cables.

  The Linux kernel has a device driver that should work with any ATAPI
  compliant CD-ROM drive. Vendors shipping compatible drives include
  Aztech, Mitsumi, NEC, Sony, Creative Labs, and Vertos. If you have
  recently purchased a CD-ROM drive, especially if it is quad speed or
  faster, it is almost guaranteed to be IDE/ATAPI.

  Linux also has an IDE SCSI emulation kernel driver that makes an
  IDE/ATAPI device appear in software to be a SCSI device, allowing the
  use of a SCSI device driver instead of the native ATAPI driver. This
  is useful if you have an ATAPI device for which no native driver has
  been written (for example, an ATAPI PD-CD or CDR drive); you can then
  use this emulation together with an appropriate SCSI device driver.


  3.2.  SCSI CD-ROM Drives


  SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface) is a popular format for CD-ROM
  drives. Its chief advantages are a reasonably fast transfer rate,
  multi-device capability, and support on a variety of computer
  platforms. Some disadvantages of SCSI are the need for a relatively
  expensive controller card and cables.

  Any SCSI CD-ROM drive with a block size of 512 or 2048 bytes should
  work under Linux; this includes the vast majority of CD-ROM drives on
  the market.

  You will also need a supported SCSI controller card; see the SCSI
  HOWTO for more information on interface hardware.


  Note that some CD-ROMs include a proprietary controller with a
  modified interface that is not fully SCSI compatible (e.g. it may not
  support adding other SCSI devices on the bus). These will most likely
  not work under Linux.


  3.3.  Proprietary CD-ROM Drives


  Several CD-ROM drives using proprietary interfaces are available; the
  interface is often provided on a sound card. Simple interface cards
  equivalent to that provided on the sound card are also available.
  These drives generally tend to be lower in cost and smaller than SCSI
  drives. Their disadvantages are the lack of standardization and
  expandability.

  Note that proprietary interfaces are sometimes erroneously referred to
  as IDE interfaces, because like IDE hard disks, they use a simple
  interface based on the PC/AT bus. To add to the confusion, some
  vendors, most notably Creative Labs, have shipped many different types
  of CD-ROM drives and have offered proprietary, SCSI, and ATAPI
  interfaces on their sound cards.

  The table below lists the proprietary CD-ROM drives that are known to
  be supported under Linux. Drivers for additional devices may be
  available in the latest development kernels or as kernel patches. The
  latter can most often be found at
  <ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/kernel/patches/cdrom/>. Also check
  the documentation files included with the kernel distribution, usually
  installed in /usr/src/linux/Documentation/cdrom, for the latest
  information.
                  Proprietary CD-ROM Drives

  Vendor          Model           Kernel Driver   Notes
  ------          -----           -------------   --------
  Panasonic       CR-521          sbpcd           Note 1
  Panasonic       CR-522          sbpcd           Note 1
  Panasonic       CR-523          sbpcd           Note 1
  Panasonic       CR-562          sbpcd           Note 1
  Panasonic       CR-563          sbpcd           Note 1
  Creative Labs   CD-200          sbpcd
  IBM             External ISA    sbpcd           Note 2
  Longshine       LCS-7260        sbpcd
  Teac            CD-55A          sbpcd
  Sony            CDU-31A         cdu31a
  Sony            CDU-33A         cdu31a
  Sony            CDU-535         sonycd535       Note 3
  Sony            CDU-531         sonycd535
  Aztech          CDA268-01A      aztcd           Note 4
  Orchid          CDS-3110        aztcd
  Okano/Wearnes   CDD110          aztcd
  Conrad          TXC             aztcd
  CyCDROM         CR520ie         aztcd
  CyCDROM         CR940ie         aztcd
  GoldStar        R420            gscd            Note 5
  Philips/LMS     CM206           cm206           Note 6
  Mitsumi         CRMC LU005S     mcd/mcdx        Note 7, 8
  Mitsumi         FX001           mcd/mcdx        Note 7, 8
  Optics Storage  Dolphin 8000AT  optcd
  Lasermate       CR328A          optcd
  Sanyo           H94A            sjcd
  various         various         isp16           Note 9



  Notes:


  1. These drives may be sold under the names Creative Labs, Panasonic,
     Matsushita, or Kotobuki.

  2. This drive is the same as a Panasonic CR-562.

  3. May also be sold under the Procomm name.

  4. This driver is for the CDA268-01A only. Other models, including the
     CDA268-03I and CDA269-031SE are not proprietary and should use the
     IDECD (ATAPI) kernel driver.

  5. May also be sold as part of a Reveal Multimedia Kit.

  6. The Philips CM205 is not supported by this driver, but there is a
     separate alpha release driver available from ftp://metalab.unc.edu
     in /pub/Linux/kernel/patches/cdrom/lmscd0.4.tar.gz

  7. May also be sold under the Radio Shack name.

  8. There are two drivers available. "mcd" is the original one, and
     "mcdx" is a newer driver with more features (but possibly less
     stable).

  9. This driver works with CD-ROM drives that are attached to the
     interface on an ISP16, MAD16 or Mozart sound card.

  If a drive listed here is not supported by your kernel, you probably
  need to upgrade to a newer version.

  If your drive is not one of the models listed here, particularly if it
  was bought recently and is quad speed or faster, it probably uses the
  IDE/ATAPI interface listed in a previous section. The single most
  common error among Linux CD-ROM users is to assume that any drive
  connected to a SoundBlaster card should use the SBPCD driver. Creative
  Labs and most other vendors are no longer selling proprietary
  interface drives, they are following the standard ATAPI/IDE interface.


  3.4.  Parallel Port Drives


  There are external storage devices, including CD-ROM drives, that
  attach to the parallel port of personal computers. In many cases the
  devices internally use an IDE interface in conjunction with an adaptor
  which interfaces the internal IDE bus to the PC parallel port.

  Linux has a parallel port IDE driver which supports most parallel port
  devices. At the time of writing it supported devices from the
  following vendors (as well as most no-name and clone drives compatible
  with these): ATEN, Avatar, DataStor, Fidelity International
  Technology, Freecom, Hewlett-Packard, Imation, KT Technology, KingByte
  Information Corp., Maxell, MicroSolutions, OnSpec, Shuttle Technology,
  SyQuest, and ValuStore.

  Additional information can be found at
  <http://www.torque.net/parport/>.


  3.5.  Alternate Drivers


  There is an alternate kernel driver available for Panasonic/Matsushita
  CR-56x drives written by Zoltan Vorosbaranyi. It can be found at
  <ftp://ftp.honlap.net/pub/linux/pcd/pcd-0.30.tar.gz>.


  4.  Installation


  Installation of a CD-ROM under Linux consists of these steps:


  1. Installing the hardware.

  2. Configuring and building the Linux kernel.

  3. Creating device files and setting boot time parameters

  4. Booting the Linux kernel.

  5. Mounting the media.

  The next sections will cover each of these steps in detail.


  4.1.  Installing the Hardware


  Follow the manufacturer's instructions for installing the hardware or
  have your dealer perform the installation. The details will vary
  depending on whether the drive is internal or external and on the type
  of interface used. There are no special installation requirements for
  Linux. You may need to set jumpers on the drive and/or interface card
  for correct operation; some of the kernel drivers include
  documentation files that include this information.
  As explained in the file ide-cd, ATAPI CD-ROMS should be jumpered as
  "single" or "master", and not "slave" when only one IDE device is
  attached to an interface (although this restriction is no longer
  enforced with recent kernels).


  4.2.  Configuring and Building the Kernel


  When initially installing Linux from CD-ROM you will likely be using a
  boot and/or root disk provided as part of a Linux distribution. If
  possible, you should choose a boot disk with the kernel driver for
  your CD-ROM device type. If you cannot find a boot disk with the
  necessary CD-ROM driver, you have several options:


  1. Boot directly from CD-ROM (if supported by your computer and Linux
     CD)

  2. Install over a network

  3. Boot DOS, and install the Linux files onto your hard disk

  4. Boot DOS, and create a set of floppies to install Linux

  5. Find someone who can build you a boot disk with the needed CD-ROM
     driver

  The Linux Installation HOWTO
  <http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Installation-HOWTO.html> has more
  information on installing Linux. If you purchased Linux on CD-ROM, it
  likely also came with some installation instructions (that little
  booklet inside the jewel case, and/or files on the CD).

  Once Linux has initially been installed, most users will want to
  compile their own kernel, usually for one of these reasons:


  o  to support a CD-ROM drive or other hardware

  o  to upgrade to a newer kernel release

  o  to free up memory resources by minimizing the size of the kernel

  The Linux Kernel HOWTO <http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Kernel-
  HOWTO.html> should be consulted for the details of building a kernel.
  I will just mention here some issues that are specific to CD-ROM
  drives.

  Obviously, you need to compile in support for your CD-ROM drive when
  you do a "make config".

  If you have an ATAPI CD-ROM drive, you need to answer yes to the
  questions:



       Enhanced IDE/MFM/RLL disk/cdrom/tape support (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDE) [Y/n/?]
       Include IDE/ATAPI CDROM support (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IDECD) [Y/n/?]




  For SCSI CD-ROM drives, enable these options:


       SCSI support (CONFIG_SCSI) [Y/n/m/?]
       SCSI CDROM support (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_SR) [Y/n/m/?]




  Also enable support for your SCSI host adapter when prompted, e.g.



       Adaptec AHA152X/2825 support (CONFIG_SCSI_AHA152X) [Y/n/m/?]




  For proprietary interface CD-ROM drives, enable the appropriate
  driver. You can use the table listed previously to determine the
  driver to use for your model.

  Virtually all CD-ROMs use the ISO-9660 file system, so you must also
  enable:



       ISO 9660 CDROM filesystem support (CONFIG_ISO9660_FS) [Y/n/m/?]




  Although not needed for CD-ROM operation, if you have a sound card
  that is supported under Linux you might want to enable and configure
  the kernel sound driver at this time as well. The Sound HOWTO
  <http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Sound-HOWTO.html> can be a useful
  reference here.

  You should then follow the usual procedure for building the kernel and
  installing it. Don't boot with the new kernel until you create the
  device files and set up any boot time parameters as described in the
  next section.

  The ISO-9660 filesystem and almost all of the CD-ROM drivers can be
  built as loadable kernel modules. This scheme allows the kernel
  drivers to be loaded and unloaded without rebooting the kernel,
  freeing up memory. I recommend you get your CD-ROM installation
  running using compiled-in drivers first. How to use modules is
  described in the modules documentation and the Kernel HOWTO
  <http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Kernel-HOWTO.html>.

  If a drive type listed here is not supported by your kernel, you
  likely need to upgrade to a newer version.

  It is possible that you need to use a driver that is distributed
  separately from the kernel source code. This usually involves patching
  the kernel. Again, the Kernel HOWTO
  <http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Kernel-HOWTO.html> explains how to
  do this.

  Note that there is a menu-based kernel configuration program invoked
  by "make menuconfig" and an X11-based graphical configuration invoked
  as "make xconfig". All three configuration methods offer on-line help.


  4.3.  Creating Device Files and Setting Boot Time Parameters



  The kernel uses device files to identify which device driver to use.
  If you are running a standard Linux distribution you may have created
  the necessary device files during installation. Under Slackware Linux,
  for example, there is a menu-based setup tool that includes CD-ROM
  setup, and most systems have a /dev/MAKEDEV script. If you don't use
  these methods, you can use the more manual procedure listed in this
  section. Even if you use either of these methods, it is recommended
  that you at least verify the device files against the information in
  this section.

  You create the device file by running the shell commands indicated for
  your drive type. This should be done as user root. Note that some
  Linux distributions may use slightly different CD-ROM device names
  from those listed here.

  It is recommended that you also create a symbolic link to the CD-ROM
  device to make it easier to remember. For example, for an IDE CD-ROM
  drive that is the second device on the secondary interface, the link
  would be created using



       # ln -s /dev/hdd /dev/cdrom




  If you want to play audio CDs, you will need to set the protection on
  the device file (the real file, not the symbolic link to it) to allow
  all users to read, e.g.



       # chmod 664 /dev/hdd
       # ls -l /dev/hdd
       brw-rw-r--   1 root     disk      22,  64 Feb  4  1995 /dev/hdd




  When booting Linux, the device drivers attempt to determine whether
  the appropriate devices are present, typically by probing specific
  addresses. Many of the drivers auto-probe at several addresses, but
  because of differences in configuration, possible device conflicts,
  and hardware limitations, the drivers sometimes need help identifying
  the addresses and other parameters. Most drivers support an option on
  the kernel command line to pass this information to the device driver.
  This can be done interactively, or more commonly, configured into your
  boot loader. With LILO, for example, you would add an append command
  such as the following to your /etc/lilo.conf file:



       append = "sbpcd=0x230,SoundBlaster"




  See the LILO documentation for more information.

  In the next section I discuss issues specific to individual device
  drivers, including device files, boot parameters, and the capabilities
  of the different drivers. You probably only need to read the section
  relevant to your drive type. The documentation files are usually found
  in the directory /usr/src/linux/Documentation/cdrom.

  4.3.1.  Sbpcd Driver



         Principal author: Eberhard Moenkeberg (emoenke@gwdg.de)
    Multi-session support: yes (but not all drives)
   Multiple drive support: yes
  Loadable module support: yes
     Reading audio frames: yes (CR-562, CR-563, CD-200 only)
             Auto-probing: yes
              Device file: /dev/sbpcd, major 25
       Configuration file: sbpcd.h
     Kernel config option: Matsushita/Panasonic CDROM support?
       Documentation file: sbpcd



  This driver accepts a kernel command line of the form:



       sbpcd=<io-address>,<interface-type>




  where the first parameter is the base address of the device (e.g.
  0x230), and <interface-type> is one of "SoundBlaster", "LaserMate", or
  "SPEA". See the file sbpcd.h for hints on what interface type to use.
  Using sbpcd=0 disables auto-probing, disabling the driver.

  The device file can be created using:



       # mknod /dev/sbpcd b 25 0




  Up to four drives per controller are supported. The next three drives
  on the first controller would use minor device numbers 1 through 3.
  If you have more than one controller, create devices with major
  numbers 26, 27, and 28, up to a maximum of 4 controllers (this is 16
  CD-ROM drives in total; hopefully enough for most users :-).

  See the file sbpcd for more information on this driver.

  If you recently bought a CD-ROM drive, don't assume that if it
  connects to a SoundBlaster card it should use this kernel driver. Most
  CD-ROM drives being sold by Creative Labs are now EIDE/ATAPI drives.


  4.3.2.  Sonycdu535 Driver












         Principal author: Ken Pizzini (ken@halcyon.com)
    Multi-session support: no
   Multiple drive support: no
  Loadable module support: yes
     Reading audio frames: no
             Auto-probing: no
              Device file: /dev/sonycd535, major 24
       Configuration file: sonycd535.h
     Kernel config option: Sony CDU535 CDROM support?
       Documentation file: sonycd535



  This driver accepts a kernel command line of the form:



       sonycd535=<io-address>




  where <io-address> is the base address of the controller (e.g. 0x320).
  Alternatively you can set the address in the file sonycd535.h and
  compile it in.

  The device file can be created using:



       # mknod /dev/sonycd535 b 24 0




  Some Linux distributions use /dev/sonycd for this device.  Older
  versions of the driver used major device number 21; make sure your
  device file is correct.

  This driver was previously distributed as a patch but is now part of
  the standard kernel. See the file sonycd535 for more information on
  this driver.


  4.3.3.  Cdu31a Driver



         Principal author: Corey Minyard (minyard@-rch.cirr.com)
    Multi-session support: yes
   Multiple drive support: no
  Loadable module support: yes
     Reading audio frames: yes
             Auto-probing: no
              Device file: /dev/cdu31a, major 15
       Configuration file: cdu31a.h
     Kernel config option: Sony CDU31A/CDU33A CDROM support?
       Documentation file: cdu31a



  This driver accepts a kernel command line of the form:




  cdu31a=<io-address>,<interrupt>,PAS




  The first number is the I/O base address of the card (e.g. 0x340). The
  second is the interrupt number to use (0 means to use polled i/o). The
  optional third parameter should be "PAS" if the drive is connected to
  a Pro-Audio Spectrum 16 sound card, otherwise left blank.

  If the driver is loaded as a module, it uses a slightly different
  format. When loading the driver using the modprobe or insmod command,
  the parameters take the form:



       cdu31a_port=<io-address> cdu31a_irq=<interrupt>




  The base io-address is required while the interrupt number is
  optional.

  The device file can be created using:



       # mknod /dev/cdu31a b 15 0




  See the file cdu31a for more information on this driver.

  Also see the web page put together by Jeffrey Oxenreider
  (zureal@infinet.com) that covers a lot of common problems with these
  drives. It can be found at
  <http://lemures.shinma.symix.com/~zureal/cdu31a.html>.


  4.3.4.  Aztcd Driver



         Principal author: Werner Zimmermann (zimmerma@rz.fht-esslingen.de)
    Multi-session support: yes
   Multiple drive support: no
  Loadable module support: yes
     Reading audio frames: no
             Auto-probing: no
              Device file: /dev/aztcd0, major 29
       Configuration file: aztcd.h
     Kernel config option: Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes (non IDE) CDROM support?
       Documentation file: aztcd



  This driver accepts a kernel command line of the form:



       aztcd=<io-address>



  where the parameter is the I/O base address of the card (e.g. 0x340).

  The device file can be created using:



       # mknod /dev/aztcd0 b 29 0




  Note that this driver is for the CDA268-01A only. Other models,
  including the CDA268-03I and CDA269-031SE are not proprietary and
  should use the IDECD (ATAPI) kernel driver.

  See the file aztcd for more information on this driver.


  4.3.5.  Gscd Driver



         Principal author: Oliver Raupach (raupach@nwfs1.rz.fh-hannover.de)
    Multi-session support: no
   Multiple drive support: no
  Loadable module support: yes
     Reading audio frames: no
             Auto-probing: no
              Device file: /dev/gscd0, major 16
       Configuration file: gscd.h
     Kernel config option: Goldstar R420 CDROM support?
       Documentation file: gscd



  This driver accepts a kernel command line of the form:



       gscd=<io-address>




  specifying the I/O base address of the card (e.g. 0x340).

  The device file can be created using:



       # mknod /dev/gscd0 b 16 0




  See the file gscd and the world-wide web site <http://linux.rz.fh-
  hannover.de/~raupach/> for more information on this driver.


  4.3.6.  Mcd Driver






         Principal author: Martin  (martin@bdsi.com)
      Multi-session support: no
   Multiple drive support: no
  Loadable module support: yes
     Reading audio frames: no
             Auto-probing: no
              Device file: /dev/mcd, major 23
       Configuration file: mcd.h
     Kernel config option: Standard Mitsumi CDROM support?
       Documentation file: mcd



  This is the older driver for Mitsumi drivers that has been available
  for some time. You might want to try the newer mcdx driver, which has
  some new features but is possibly less stable.

  This driver accepts a kernel command line of the form:



       mcd=<io-address>,<irq>




  specifying the I/O base address of the card (e.g. 0x340) and the IRQ
  request number used.

  The device file can be created using:



       # mknod /dev/mcd b 23 0




  See the file mcd for more information on this driver.


  4.3.7.  Mcdx Driver



         Principal author: Heiko Schlittermann
    Multi-session support: yes
   Multiple drive support: yes
  Loadable module support: yes
     Reading audio frames: no (not supported by hardware)
             Auto-probing: no
              Device file: /dev/mcdx0, major 20
       Configuration file: mcdx.h
     Kernel config option: Experimental Mitsumi support?
       Documentation file: mcdx



  This is a newer driver for Mitsumi drivers. The older and possibly
  more stable mcd driver is still available.

  This driver accepts a kernel command line of the form:




  mcdx=<io-address>,<irq>




  specifying the I/O base address of the card (e.g. 0x340) and the IRQ
  request number used.

  The device file can be created using:



       # mknod /dev/mcdx0 b 20 0




  If you recently bought a Mitsumi CD-ROM drive, don't assume that it
  should use this kernel driver. New Mitsumi drives are now EIDE/ATAPI
  compatible and should use the idecd kernel driver instead.

  See the file mcdx for more information on this driver.


  4.3.8.  Cm206 Driver



         Principal author: David A. van Leeuwen (david@tm.tno.)
    Multi-session support: yes
   Multiple drive support: no
  Loadable module support: yes
     Reading audio frames: no
             Auto-probing: yes
              Device file: /dev/cm206cd, major 32
       Configuration file: cm206.h
     Kernel config option: Philips/LMS CM206 CDROM support?
       Documentation file: cm206



  The driver accepts a kernel command line of the form:



       cm206=<io-address>,<interrupt>




  where the first number is the I/O base address of the card (e.g.
  0x340). The second is the interrupt channel.

  The device file can be created using:



       # mknod /dev/cm206cd b 32 0




  See the file cm206 for more information on this driver.



  4.3.9.  Optcd Driver



         Principal author: Leo Spiekman (spiekman@dutette.et.tudelft.nl)
    Multi-session support: yes
   Multiple drive support: no
  Loadable module support: yes
     Reading audio frames: no
             Auto-probing: no
              Device file: /dev/optcd0, major 17
       Configuration file: optcd.h
     Kernel config option: Experimental Optics Storage ... CDROM support?
       Documentation file: optcd



  The driver accepts a kernel command line of the form



       optcd=<io-address>




  to specify the I/O base address of the card (e.g. 0x340).

  The device file can be created using:



       # mknod /dev/optcd0 b 17 0




  See the file optcd for more information on this driver.


  4.3.10.  Sjcd Driver



         Principal author: Vadim V. Model (vadim@rbrf.msk.su)
    Multi-session support: no
   Multiple drive support: no
  Loadable module support: yes
     Reading audio frames: no
             Auto-probing: no
              Device file: /dev/sjcd, major 18
       Configuration file: sjcd.h
     Kernel config option: Experimental Sanyo H94A CDROM support?
       Documentation file: sjcd



  The driver accepts a kernel command line of the form:



       sjcd=<io-address>,<interrupt>,<dma>




  indicating the base address, interrupt, and DMA channel to be used
  (e.g. sjcd=0x340,10,5).

  The device file can be created using:



       # mknod /dev/sjcd b 18 0




  See the file sjcd for more information on this driver.


  4.3.11.  Paride Driver



         Principal author: Grant R. Guenther (grant@torque.net)
    Multi-session support: no
   Multiple drive support: yes
  Loadable module support: yes
     Reading audio frames: no
             Auto-probing: yes
              Device file: /dev/pcd0, major 46
       Configuration file: bpcd.h
     Kernel config option: Parallel port IDE device support?
       Documentation file: paride.txt



  This is the driver for various types of storage devices that attach to
  a parallel port. Normally the driver will auto-detect the parallel
  port device. The documentation describes parameters that can be used
  to specify the device parameters if auto-detection does not work.

  The device file for the first drive can be created using:



       # mknod /dev/pcd0 b 46 0




  See the file /usr/src/linux/Documentation/paride.xt for more
  information on this driver. Note that this replaces the bpcd driver
  that was present in older kernels.


  4.3.12.  SCSI Driver



         Principal author: David Giller
    Multi-session support: yes (depending on drive)
   Multiple drive support: yes
  Loadable module support: yes
     Reading audio frames: no
             Auto-probing: yes
              Device file: /dev/scd0, major 11
       Configuration file: cdrom.h
     Kernel config option: SCSI CDROM support?
       Documentation file: scsi.txt

  There are kernel command line option specific to each type of SCSI
  controller. See the SCSI HOWTO for more information.

  Multiple drives are supported (up to the limit of the maximum number
  of devices on the SCSI bus). Create device files with major number 11
  and minor numbers starting at zero:



       # mknod /dev/scd0 b 11 0
       # mknod /dev/scd1 b 11 1




  While the kernel driver itself does not support reading digital audio
  frames, some SCSI drives have the capability and will work with the
  cdda2wav program (which uses the generic SCSI kernel interface).

  Also see the discussion of the IDE SCSI emulation driver earlier in
  this document.


  4.3.13.  IDECD Driver



         Principal author: Scott Snyder (snyder@fnald0.fnal.gov)
    Multi-session support: yes
   Multiple drive support: yes
  Loadable module support: no
     Reading audio frames: yes (on supported drives)
             Auto-probing: yes
              Device file: /dev/hd{a,b,c,d},  major 22
       Configuration file: cdrom.h
     Kernel config option: Include support for IDE/ATAPI CDROMs?
       Documentation file: ide-cd



  This is the driver for ATAPI CD-ROMS. The driver accepts a kernel
  command line of the form



       hdx=cyls,heads,sects,wpcom,irq
         or
       hdx=cdrom




  where hdx can be any of {hda,hdb,hdc,hdd}, or simply hd, for the
  "next" drive in sequence. Only the first three parameters are required
  (cyls,heads,sects). For example hdc=1050,32,64 hdd=cdrom.

  Getting the IDE driver to recognize your CD-ROM drive can be tricky,
  especially if you have more than 2 devices or more than one IDE
  controller. Usually all that is required is to pass the right command
  line options from LILO. The file
  /usr/src/linux/Documentation/cdrom/ide-cd explains how to do this.
  Read it carefully.

  Recent Linux kernels have better support for multiple IDE devices. If
  you have problems with an older kernel, upgrading may help.

  Some IDE controllers have hardware problems which the kernel driver
  can work around. You may need to pass additional parameters to the
  driver to enable this. See the documentation for details.


  4.4.  Booting the Linux Kernel


  You can now reboot with the new kernel. Watch for a message such as
  the following indicating that the CD-ROM has been found by the device
  driver (the message will vary depending on the drive type):



       hdd: NEC CD-ROM DRIVE:282, ATAPI CDROM drive




  If the bootup messages scroll by too quickly to read, you should be
  able to retrieve them using dmesg or tail /var/log/messages.

  If the drive is not found, then a problem has occurred, See the
  section on troubleshooting.


  4.5.  Mounting, Unmounting, and Ejecting Devices


  To mount a CD-ROM, insert a disc in the drive, and run the mount
  command as root (this assumes you created a symbolic link to your
  device file as recommended above and that an empty directory
  /mnt/cdrom exists):



       # mount -t iso9660 -r /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom




  The CD can now be accessed under the directory /mnt/cdrom.

  There are other options to the mount command that you may wish to use;
  see the mount(8) man page for details.

  You can add an entry to /etc/fstab to automatically mount a CD-ROM
  when Linux boots or to specify parameters to use when it is mounted;
  see the fstab(5) man page.

  Note that to play audio CDs you should not try to mount them.

  To unmount a CD-ROM, use the umount command as root:



       # umount /mnt/cdrom




  The disc can only be unmounted if no processes are currently accessing
  the drive (including having their default directory set to the mounted
  drive). You can then eject the disc. Most drives have an eject button;
  there is also a standalone eject program that allows ejecting CD-ROMs
  under software control.
  Note that you should not eject a disc while it is mounted (this may or
  may not be possible depending on the type of drive). Some CD-ROM
  drivers can automatically eject a CD-ROM when it is unmounted and
  insert the CD tray when a disc is mounted (you can turn this feature
  off when compiling the kernel or by using a software command).

  Its possible that after playing an audio CD you may not be able to
  mount a CD-ROM. You need to send a CD audio "stop" command (using a CD
  player program) before trying the mount. This problem only appears to
  occur with the SBPCD driver.

  Recent kernels support a kernel-based automounter which provides
  transparent mounting of removable media including CD-ROM. You can find
  the tools needed to use it at
  <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/daemons/autofs/>.


  4.6.  Troubleshooting


  If you still encounter problems after following the instructions in
  the HOWTO, here are some things to check. The checks are listed in
  increasing order of complexity. If a check fails, solve the problem
  before moving to the next stage.


  4.6.1.  Step 1: Make sure you are really running the kernel you com-
  piled


  You can check the date stamp on the kernel to see if you are running
  the one that you compiled with CD-ROM support. You can do this with
  the uname command:



       % uname -a
       Linux fizzbin 2.2.4 #1 Tue Mar 232 11:23:21 EST 1999 i586 unknown




  or by displaying the file /proc/version:



       % cat /proc/version
       Linux version 2.2.4 (root@fizzbin) (gcc version 2.7.2.3) #1 Tue Mar 23 11:23:21 EST 1999




  If the date stamp doesn't match when you compiled the kernel, then you
  are running an old kernel. Did you remember to reboot? If you use
  LILO, did you re-install it (typically by running /sbin/lilo)? If
  booting from floppy, did you create a new boot floppy and use it when
  booting?


  4.6.2.  Step 2: Make sure the proper kernel drivers are compiled in


  You can see what drivers are compiled in by looking at /proc/devices:



  % cat /proc/devices
  Character devices:
   1 mem
   2 pty
   3 ttyp
   4 ttyS
   5 cua
   7 vcs

  Block devices:
   3 ide0
  22 ide1




  First look for your CD-ROM device driver. These are all block devices,
  in this case we can see that the idecd driver with major number 22 was
  present.

  Also make sure that ISO-9660 filesystem support was compiled in, by
  looking at /proc/filesystems:



       % cat /proc/filesystems
               ext2
       nodev   proc
       nodev   devpts
               vfat
               iso9660




  You can also see what i/o port addresses are being used by a driver
  with the file /proc/ioports:



       howto % cat /proc/ioports
        ...
       0230-0233 : sbpcd
        ...




  If any of the drivers you thought you compiled in are not displayed,
  then something went wrong with the kernel configuration or build.
  Start the installation process again, beginning with configuration and
  building of the kernel.


  4.6.3.  Step 3: Did the kernel detect your drive during booting?


  Make sure that the CD-ROM device was detected when the kernel booted.
  You should have seen a message on bootup. If the messages scrolled off
  the screen, you can usually recall them using the dmesg command:



       % dmesg


  or



       % tail /var/log/messages




  If your drive was not found then something is wrong. Make sure it is
  powered on and all cables are connected. If your drive has hardware
  jumpers for addressing, check that they are set correctly (e.g. drive
  0 if you have only one drive). ATAPI CD-ROMS must be jumpered as
  "single" or "master", and not "slave" when only one IDE device is
  attached to an interface. If the drive works under DOS then you can be
  reasonably confident that the hardware is working.

  Many kernel drivers using auto-probing, but some do not, and in any
  case the probing is not always reliable. Use the kernel command line
  option listed for your kernel driver type. You may want to try several
  different values if you are not sure of the i/o address or other
  parameters. LILO can be (and usually is) configured to allow you to
  enter the parameters manually when booting.

  Another possibility is that you used the wrong kernel driver for your
  CD-ROM driver. Some documentation may refer to proprietary interfaces
  as IDE, leading some to mistakenly believe they are ATAPI drives.

  Another possibility is that your drive (or interface card) is one of
  the "compatible" type that requires initialization by the DOS driver.
  Try booting DOS and loading the vendor supplied DOS device driver.
  Then soft boot Linux using Control-Alt-Delete.

  If your drive is not listed in this document, it is possible that
  there are no drivers for it available under Linux. You can check with
  some of the references listed at the end of this document for
  assistance.


  4.6.4.  Step 4: Can you read data from the drive?


  Try reading from the CD-ROM drive. Typing the following command should
  cause the drive activity light (if present) to come on and no errors
  should be reported. Use whatever device file is appropriate for your
  drive and make sure a CD-ROM is inserted; use Control-C to exit.



       # dd if=/dev/cdrom of=/dev/null bs=2048
       ^C
       124+0 records in
       124+0 records out




  If this works, then the kernel is communicating with the drive and you
  can move on to step 5.

  If not, then a possible cause is the device file. Make sure than the
  device file in the /dev directory has the correct major and minor
  numbers as listed previously for your drive type. Check that the
  permissions on the device file allow reading and writing.


  A remote possibility is a hardware problem. Try testing the drive
  under another operating system, if possible, to determine if this
  could be the case.


  4.6.5.  Step 5: Can you mount the drive?


  If you can read from the drive but cannot mount it, first verify that
  you compiled in ISO-9660 file system support by reading
  /proc/filesystems, as described previously.

  Make sure you are mounting the drive with the "-t iso9660" and "-r"
  options and that a known good ISO-9660 CD-ROM (not Audio CD) is
  inserted in the drive. You normally must mount drives as user root.

  Make sure that the mount point exists and is an empty directory.

  If you are automatically mounting the CD-ROM on bootup, make sure that
  you have correct entries in the /etc/fstab file.

  If you are running the syslog daemon, there may be error messages from
  the kernel that you are not seeing. Try using the "dmesg" command:



       % dmesg
       SBPCD: sbpcd_open: no disk in drive




  There may also be errors logged to files in /var/log, depending on how
  your system is configured.


  4.6.6.  Debugging Audio Problems


  If the drive works with CD-ROMs, but not for playing audio CDs, here
  are some possible solutions.

  You need an application program to play audio CDs. Some applications
  may be broken or may not be compatible with your drive. Try other
  applications and/or try recompiling them yourself. A good place to
  look for software is
  <ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/sound/cdrom/>.

  A few of the CD-ROM drivers do not support playing Audio CDs. Check
  the documentation file or source code to see if that is the case.

  Check if the audio can be played through the headphone jack. If so,
  then the problem is likely related to your sound card. Use a mixer
  program to set the input device and volume levels. Make sure you have
  installed an audio cable from the CD-ROM drive to the sound card. Make
  sure that the kernel sound card driver is installed and working (see
  the Sound HOWTO).


  4.6.7.  When All Else Fails


  If you still have problems, here are some final suggestions for things
  to try:


  o  carefully re-read this HOWTO document

  o  read the references listed at the end of this document, especially
     the relevant kernel source files

  o  post a question to one of the comp.os.linux or other usenet
     newsgroups

  o  send a question to the Linux mailing list

  o  try using the latest Linux kernel

  o  contact your computer dealer

  o  contact the CD-ROM manufacturer

  o  send mail to the maintainer of the relevant kernel driver (look in
     the file /usr/src/linux/MAINTAINERS)

  o  send mail to me

  o  fire up emacs and type Esc-x doctor :-)


  5.  Applications


  This section briefly lists a few of the many applications related to
  CD-ROM that are available under Linux. Check the Linux Software Map
  for the latest versions and archive sites.


  5.1.  Audio CD Players


  Several programs are available for playing audio CDs, either through a
  headphone jack or an attached sound card.


     Workman
        a graphical player running under X11 and supporting a CD
        database and many other features

     WorkBone
        an interactive text-mode player

     xcdplayer
        a simple X11 based player

     cdplayer
        a very simple command line based player

     Xmcd
        an X11/Motif based player

     xmitsumi
        another X11 based player for Mitsumi drives

     xplaycd
        another X11 based player, bundled with sound mixer and VU meter
        programs

     cdtool
        command line tools for playing audio CDs


  Some of these programs are coded to use a specific device file for the
  CD-ROM (e.g. /dev/cdrom). You may be able to pass the correct device
  name as a parameter, or you can create a symbolic link in the /dev
  directory. If sending the CD output to a sound card, you may wish to
  use a mixer program to set volume settings or select the CD-ROM input
  for recording.


  5.2.  PhotoCD


  PhotoCDs use an ISO-9660 file system containing image files in a
  proprietary format. Not all CD-ROM drives support reading PhotoCDs.

  The hpcdtoppm program by Hadmut Danisch converts PhotoCD files to the
  portable pixmap format. It can be obtained from
  <ftp://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/linux/hpcdtoppm> or as part of the PBM
  (portable bit map) utilities, available on many archive sites (look
  for "pbm" or "netpbm").

  The photocd program by Gerd Knorr (kraxel@cs.tu-berlin.de) can convert
  PhotoCD images into Targa or Windows and OS/2 bitmap files.

  The same author has written the program xpcd, an X11-based program for
  handling PhotoCD images. You can select the images with a mouse,
  preview the image in a small window, and load the image with any of
  the five possible resolutions. You can also mark a part of the Image
  and load only the selected part. Look for these packages at
  <ftp://ftp.cs.tu-berlin.de/pub/linux/Local/misc/>.

  The ImageMagick image file manipulation program also supports PhotoCD
  files. It is available from
  <ftp://ftp.x.org/contrib/applications/ImageMagick/>.


  5.3.  Mkisofs


  Eric Youngdale's mkisofs package allows creating an ISO-9660 file
  system on a hard disk partition. This can then be used to assist in
  creating and testing CD-ROM file systems before mastering discs.

  The tools for actually writing data to writable CD-ROM drives tend to
  be vendor specific. They also require writing the data with no
  interruptions, so a multitasking operating system like Linux is not
  particularly well suited.


  5.4.  ISO-9660 Utilities


  These are some utilities for verifying the format of ISO-9660
  formatted discs; you may find them useful for testing suspect CDs. The
  package can be found at
  <ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/unixfreeware/archive/>. They were written by
  Bill Siegmund and Rich Morin.


  6.  Answers to Frequently Asked Questions



  6.1.  How can a non-root user mount and unmount discs?



  Most mount commands support the user option. If you make an entry such
  as the following in /etc/fstab:



       /dev/sbpcd  /mnt/cdrom   iso9660     user,noauto,ro




  then an ordinary user will be allowed to mount and unmount the drive
  using these commands:



       % mount /mnt/cdrom
       % umount /mnt/cdrom




  By default the disc will be mounted with some options that help
  enforce security (e.g. programs cannot executed, device files are
  ignored). If this is too restrictive you can use additional options
  (e.g. the "exec" option will enable execution or programs). See the
  mount(8) man page for details.

  Another method is to get the usermount package which allows non-root
  users to mount and unmount removable devices such as floppies and CD-
  ROMs, but restricts access to other devices (such as hard disk
  partitions). It is available on major archive sites.

  The archive site ftp.cdrom.com has the source file mount.c which
  allows mounting an unmounting of CD-ROMs (only) by normal users. It
  runs as a setuid executable.


  6.2.  Why do I get device is busy when unmounting a CD-ROM?


  The disc cannot be unmounted if any processes are accessing the drive,
  including having their default directory set to the mounted
  filesystem. If you cannot identify the processes using the disc, you
  can use the fuser command, as shown in the following example.



       % umount /cdrom
       umount: /dev/hdd: device is busy
       % fuser -v /cdrom
                            USER       PID ACCESS COMMAND
       /mnt/cdrom           tranter    133 ..c..  bash




  On some systems you may need to be root when running the fuser command
  in order to see the processes of other users.


  6.3.  How do I export a CD-ROM to other hosts over NFS?


  You need to add an entry to the /etc/exports file. Users on other
  machines will then be able to mount the device. See the exports(5) man
  page for details.
  6.4.  Can I boot Linux from a CD-ROM?


  When initially installing Linux the most common method is to use a
  boot floppy. Some distributions allow booting a Linux kernel on CD
  directly from DOS.

  With the right CD-ROM, ROM BIOS, and ATAPI CD-ROM drive it is possible
  to boot directly from CD. The latest version of mkisofs supports
  creating such disks using the El Torito standard for bootable CDs.


  6.5.  How can I read digital data from audio CDs?


  Heiko Eissfeldt (heiko@colossus.escape.de) and Olaf Kindel have
  written a utility that reads audio data and saves it as .wav format
  sound files. The package is called cdda2wav.tar.gz and can be found on
  metalab.unc.edu.

  Another utility to extract digital audio is cdparanoia available from
  <http://www.mit.edu/afs/sipb/user/xiphmont/cdparanoia>.

  Because CD-ROM drives are changing very quickly, it is difficult to
  list which models support reading digital data. You best bet is to get
  the latest cdda2wav or cdparanoia package and read the documentation.

  For more information on this subject, see the web site
  http://www.tardis.ed.ac.uk/~psyche/cdda/ and the alt.cd-rom FAQ listed
  in the references section.


  6.6.  Why doesn't the find command work properly?


  On ISO-9660 formatted discs without the Rock Ridge Extensions, you
  need to add the -noleaf option to the find command.  See the find(1)
  man page for details.

  (In my experience virtually all recent Linux CDs use the Rock Ridge
  extensions, so this problem should occur very rarely.)


  6.7.  Does Linux support any recordable CD-ROM drives?


  The X-CD-Roast package for Linux is a graphical front-end for using CD
  writers. The package can be found at metalab.unc.edu in
  /pub/Linux/utils/disk-management/xcdroast-0.95.tar.gz

  Also see the Linux CD-Writing HOWTO document, found at
  <ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/CD-Writing-HOWTO> or
  <http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/CD-Writing-HOWTO.html>.


  6.8.  Why do I get mount: Read-only file system when mounting a CD-
  ROM?


  CD-ROM is a read-only media. With some early kernels you could mount a
  CD-ROM for read/write; attempts to write data to the CD would simple
  be ignored. As of kernel version 1.1.33 this was corrected so that CD-
  ROMs must be mounted read only (e.g. using the -r option to mount).



  6.9.  Why does the disc tray open when I shut down the system?


  The sbpcd driver supports automatically ejecting the CD when it is
  unmounted. In some older kernel versions this was the default
  behaviour. If you shut down the system, a mounted CD will be
  unmounted, causing it to eject.

  This feature is for convenience when changing discs. If the tray is
  open when you mount or read a CD, it will also automatically be
  closed.

  I found that this caused problems with a few programs (e.g. cdplay and
  workbone). As of the 1.1.60 kernel you can control this feature under
  software control. A sample program is included in the sbpcd
  documentation file (or use the eject program).  You can also control
  the default behaviour by editing the kernel source file sbpcd.h.


  6.10.  I have a "special" CD that can't be mounted


  The "special" CD is likely an XA disc (like all Photo CDs or "one-
  offs" created using CD-R drives). Most of the Linux kernel CD-ROM
  drivers do not support XA discs, although you may be able to find a
  patch to add support on one of the archive sites.

  The sbpcd driver does support XA. If you are using this driver you can
  determine if the disc is XA using the following procedure: go into the
  file sbpcd.c and enable the display of the "Table of Contents"
  (DBG_TOC). Build and install the new kernel and boot from it. During
  each mount the TOC info will be written (either to the console or to a
  log file). If the first displayed value in the TOC header line is
  "20", then it is an XA disc. That byte is "00" with normal disks. If
  the TOC display shows different tracks, that is also a sign that it is
  an XA disc.

  (thanks to Eberhard Moenkeberg for the above information)

  Other possibilities for unreadable CDs are:


  1. The disc doesn't use an ISO-9660 file system (e.g. some use SunOS
     or HFS)

  2. It is an audio CD

  3. The CD is damaged or defective

  4. You put it in the drive upside down :-)


  6.11.  Do multi-platter CD-ROM drives work with Linux?


  Several users have reported success with SCSI multi-disc CD-ROM
  changers. You probably need to enable the "Probe all LUNs on each SCSI
  device" kernel configuration option (this is not necessary if your CD
  changer is already known to the SCSI-driver. Have a look at
  /usr/src/linux/drivers/scsi.c).

  At least one user also had to increase a SCSI timeout value in the
  kernel driver. A symptom of this is an error message like "wrong fs
  type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sr5, or too many mounted file
  systems" when trying to mount a CD for the first time, but a second
  mount immediately afterwards succeeds. To increase the timeout
  increase the value of IOCTL_TIMEOUT at the beginning of
  /usr/src/linux/drivers/scsi/sr_ioctl.c and recompile the kernel. A
  value of 10000 instead of the default 3000 is reported to work with a
  NEC Multispin 4Xc.

  It might be necessary to create additional block special files, so
  that all LUNs can be accessed. A device file is needed for every LUN.
  So for a 7 disc changer /dev/sr0 to /dev/sr6 are needed (more if you
  have additional SCSI CD-ROM drives). To create the block special file
  execute mknod /dev/sr? b 11 ? as root with ? being the required
  number.

  The Nakamichi MBR-7 7 disc changer, NEC Multispin 4Xc and Pioneer 12
  disc changer have been reported to work.

  EIDE/ATAPI multi-disc changers are also available. The kernel has
  support for some drives using the CDROM_SELECT_DISC ioctl function.
  The IDE-CD kernel driver documentation file includes source code for a
  program to select changer slots, or you can use various utilities such
  as the eject program described earlier.


  6.12.  I get "/cdrom: Permission denied" errors


  Some CDs have root directory file permissions that only allow user
  root to read them. This is an error on the part of the CD-ROM vendor
  and is a real inconvenience. A more common occurrence is for certain
  files or directories not to be world readable. Some people have
  patched their kernels to work around the problem.

  Also see the related question on hidden files later in this document.


  6.13.  How do I interpret IDE CD kernel error messages?


  What does it mean when I get a kernel message from the IDE CD-ROM
  driver like "hdxx: code: xx key: x asc: xx ascq: x"?

  This is an status/error message from the IDE CD-ROM drive. By default
  the IDECD driver prints out the raw information instead of wasting
  kernel space with error messages. You can change the default to
  display the actual error messages by going into
  /usr/src/linux/drivers/block/ide-cd.c, changing the value of
  VERBOSE_IDE_CD_ERRORS to 1, and recompiling the kernel.


  6.14.  How can I tell what speed CD-ROM I have?


  Here's one way. This command measures how long is takes to read 1500K
  of data from CD:



       % time -p dd if=/dev/cdrom of=/dev/null bs=1k count=1500
       1500+0 records in
       1500+0 records out
       real 5.24
       user 0.03
       sys 5.07




  The transfer rate of single speed drives is 150 kilobytes per second,
  which should take about 10 seconds. At double speed it would take five
  seconds, quad speed would take 2.5, etc.

  The "real" time above is probably the best number to look at -- in
  this case it indicates a double speed drive. You can increase the
  amount of data transferred to get a more accurate value (in case you
  were wondering, the data does not get cached). You should probably run
  the command a few times and take the average.

  I've also written a small C program that measures and reports CD-ROM
  data transfer rate; I can send it to you on request.


  6.15.  My CD-ROM stopped working after Linux was installed


  The usual symptom is that the boot disk used to initially install
  Linux recognized your CD-ROM drive, but after Linux was installed on
  the hard drive or floppy and rebooted it no longer recognizes the CD-
  ROM.

  The most common reason for this problem is that with some Linux
  distributions the kernel that is installed on your hard drive (or
  floppy) is not necessarily the same one that was on your boot disk.
  You selected a boot disk that matched your CD-ROM hardware, while the
  kernel you installed is a "generic" kernel that is lacking CD-ROM
  support. You can verify this by following the troubleshooting
  guidelines discussed previously in this document (e.g. start by
  checking /proc/devices).

  The solution is to recompile the kernel, ensuring that the drivers for
  your CD-ROM drive and any others that are needed (e.g. SCSI
  controller, ISO-9660 file system) are included. See the Kernel HOWTO
  <http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Kernel-HOWTO.html> if you don't know
  how to do this.

  If you passed any command line options to the boot disk (e.g.
  "hdc=cdrom") you need to add these to your boot program configuration
  file (typically /etc/lilo.conf).


  6.16.  There are "hidden" files on a CD which I can't read


  Some CDs have files with the "hidden" bit set on them. Normally these
  files are not visible. If you mount the CD with the "unhide" option
  then the files should be accessible (this doesn't seem to be
  documented anywhere).


  6.17.  Where is the CD-ROM API documented?


  If you want to write your own application, such as an audio CD player
  program, you will need to understand the application programming
  interface (API) provided by Linux.

  Originally the CD-ROM kernel drivers used their own ioctl() functions
  to support features specific to each drive. Header files such as
  /usr/include/linux/sbpcd.h describe these. Because many of the drivers
  were based on other drivers, the interfaces, while not identical, have
  a lot in common.

  More recently there has been an initiative headed by David van Leeuwen
  (david@tm.tno.nl) to standardize the API for CD-ROM drives, putting
  common code in one place and ensuring that all drivers exhibit the
  same behaviour.  This is documented in the file
  /usr/src/linux/Documentation/cdrom/cdrom-standard.tex.  Several kernel
  drivers support this. As of the 2.0 kernel all CD-ROM drivers conform
  to this API.

  My book, Linux Multimedia Guide, goes into quite a bit of detail on
  how to program CD-ROM drives, especially for audio functions. See the
  end of the References section.


  6.18.  Why don't I see long filenames on this Windows CD-ROM?


  If you have a CD-ROM which has long filenames under Windows but not
  under Linux, it may be formatted using Microsoft's proprietary Joliet
  filesystem. See the next question for a solution.


  6.19.  Is Microsoft's Joliet filesystem supported?


  Microsoft has created an extension to the ISO CD-ROM format called
  Joliet. It allows for long filenames encoded using the 16-bit UNICODE
  format.

  Starting with version 2.0.34 the Linux kernel has support for the
  Microsoft Joliet file system extensions. You need to enable support
  for it in the kernel.

  If you want to display filenames with native language characters from
  Joliet CD-ROMs correctly on the screen, you need to enable support in
  the kernel for the appropriate NLS ISO8859 character sets.


  6.20.  Does Linux support "enhanced" CDs?


  Some audio CDs are "enhanced" with additional data. Typically you will
  find that these CDs have the usual audio CD tracks as well as a data
  track which can be mounted as an ISO-9660 file system.

  An enhanced CD I examined had Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh
  applications on it (which won't run directly under Linux of course,
  although I had partial success running the Windows application under
  the WINE Windows emulator). There were some GIF images which could be
  viewed using a standard viewer such as xv and some animations in Apple
  QuickTime format which could be viewed using the xanim program. It was
  a multisession disk which some very old CD-ROM drives do not support
  reading. On the disc was a readme.txt file containing an Enhanced CD
  FAQ.


  6.21.  Does Linux support DVD-ROM?


  SCSI and ATAPI compliant DVD-ROM drives should work under Linux for
  reading discs formatted with an ISO-9660 file system. In other words
  they will work as a (possibly large) CD-ROM drive.

  Many DVD-ROM discs use the UDF file system. At the time of writing
  this was still in development. Kernel patches were available from
  <http://trylinux.com/projects/udf/>.

  However, I am not aware of any support for playing MPEG-2 encoded DVD
  videos either in software or in conjunction with DVD decoder hardware.
  Apparently the standard document for the encoding format can only be
  obtained at a high cost and under a non-disclosure agreement. Another
  issue is that MPEG decoding typically uses proprietary hardware for
  which the vendor may not be willing to release programming
  information. These factors may preclude any freely available DVD video
  software being developed for Linux.


  6.22.  Does Linux support CD-RW?


  SCSI and ATAPI compliant CD-RW drives should work under Linux for
  discs formatted with an ISO-9660 file system. This includes the
  ability to write to the disc.

  Many CD-RW discs use the UDF file system. At the time of writing this
  was still in development. Kernel patches were available from
  <http://trylinux.com/projects/udf/>.


  7.  References


  I have already mentioned the documentation files, typically installed
  in /usr/src/linux/Documentation/cdrom. These can be a gold mine of
  useful information.

  The following Usenet FAQs are posted periodically to news.answers and
  archived at Internet FTP sites such as  <ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/>:


  o  alt.cd-rom FAQ

  o  comp.periphs.scsi FAQ

  o  Enhanced IDE/Fast-ATA/ATA-2 FAQ

  Several other Linux HOWTOs have useful information relevant to CD-ROM:


  o  SCSI HOWTO <http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/unmaintained/SCSI-
     HOWTO.html>

  o  Hardware Compatibility HOWTO
     <http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Hardware-HOWTO.html>

  o  Sound HOWTO <http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Sound-HOWTO.html>

  o  Kernel HOWTO <http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Kernel-HOWTO.html>

  o  Distribution HOWTO <http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Distribution-
     HOWTO.html>

  o  CD Writing HOWTO <http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/CD-Writing.html>

  At least a dozen companies sell Linux distributions on CD-ROM; most of
  them are listed in the Distribution HOWTO.

  The following Usenet news groups cover CD-ROM related topics:


  o  comp.publish.cdrom.hardware

  o  comp.publish.cdrom.multimedia


  o  comp.publish.cdrom.software

  o  comp.sys.ibm.pc.hardware.cd-rom

  o  alt.cd-rom

  o  alt.cd-rom.reviews

  The comp.os.linux newsgroups are also good sources of Linux specific
  information.

  There is a large archive of CD-ROM information and software at
  <ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/cdrom/>.

  A FAQ document on IDE and ATA devices can be found at
  <ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/pc-hardware-faq/enhanced-
  IDE/> and at  <http://www.seagate.com/techsuppt/faq/faqlist.html>.

  Western Digital, the company that started the IDE protocol, has
  information available on the IDE protocol available on their FTP site
  at  <ftp://fission.dt.wdc.com/pub/standards/atapi>.

  A web site dedicated to multimedia can be found at
  <http://viswiz.gmd.de/MultimediaInfo/>. Creative Labs has a web site
  at  <http://www.creaf.com/>.

  The Linux Software Map (LSM) is an invaluable reference for locating
  Linux software. The LSM can be found on various anonymous FTP sites,
  including  <ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/LSM/> (formerly known
  as sunsite). There are also various web sites that maintain databases
  of Linux applications. One such site is  <http://www.freshmeat.net>.

  The Linux mailing list has a number of "channels" dedicated to
  different topics. To find out how to join, send a mail message with
  the word "help" as the message body to majordomo@vger.rutgers.edu

  The Linux Documentation Project has produced several books on Linux,
  including Linux Installation and Getting Started. These are freely
  available by anonymous FTP from major Linux archive sites or can be
  purchased in hardcopy format.

  Finally, a shameless plug: If you want to learn a lot more about
  multimedia under Linux (especially CD-ROM and sound card applications
  and programming), check out my book Linux Multimedia Guide, ISBN
  1-56592-219-0, published by O'Reilly and Associates. As well as the
  original English version, French and Japanese translations are now in
  print. For details, call 800-998-9938 in North America or check the
  web page  <http://www.ora.com/catalog/multilinux/noframes.html> or my
  home page  <http://www.pobox.com/~tranter/>.

















