  Linux Swap Space Mini-HOWTO
  Rahul U. Joshi, jurahul@hotmail.com <mailto:jurahul@hot­
  mail.com>
  v1.41, 9 December 1999

  This Linux Mini-HOWTO describes how to share your Linux swap partition
  with Windows.
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Table of Contents


  1. Introduction

  2. What you need

  3. Recent Changes and versions

  4. Administrative

     4.1 Copyright
     4.2 Disclaimer

  5. Before you begin

  6. The Procedure

     6.1 Turn off swapping and create a DOS partition
     6.2 Tell Windows the location of the new swap file
        6.2.1 (BF
        6.2.2 (BF
     6.3 Back up the Total Special Sectors
     6.4 Modify the initialization and shutdown scripts to handle our new           configuration
     6.5 Reenable swapping

  7. A couple of notes

  8. What are we exactly doing ?

  9. The swapinit.sh script

  10. The swaphalt.sh script

  11. The msinfo.sh script

  12. The original msinfo file

  13. For users of v1.4 of the Swap-Space HOWTO

  14. Acknowledgements, feedback and dedication



  ______________________________________________________________________

  1.  Introduction


  Many people use both Linux and MS-Windows.  The ability to do so is an
  important part of "the Linux revolution"; i.e. letting people
  experiment with (and get hooked on) Linux while still being able to
  run their off-the-shelf software.  Since both Linux and MS-Windows use
  virtual memory with swap to disk, a frequently occurring question in
  comp.os.linux.setup is how to share swap spaces, in order to reduce
  the amount of disk space needed.

  There are several methods for sharing swap spaces, the one described
  in this document is probably the most complicated one but is the only
  one I have encountered that allows maximum performance for both
  environments without the risk of trashing a disk partition. If you are
  using DOS, then many DOS applications manage their own swap files. You
  can also share the Linux swap partition with these applications.

  NOTE: In case you used an older version of this document (v1.4) and
  found that SCANDISK gives errors on drive X:, please go to the
  ``section'' written especially for you to get things restored.



  2.  What you need


  This procedure have a few requirements that need to be filled.  I
  strongly recommend that you fill these requirements *anyway*, as there
  are several problems with older versions.



  1.  MS-DOS 5.0 or newer and MS-Windows 3.1/3.11 OR MS-Windows 95/98

  2.  A shutdown/init that knows to run a file on shutdown.  (The
     SysVinit-2.50 package can do this, for example.  SysVinit-2.50 is
     available from sunsite.unc.edu in /pub/Linux/system/Daemons.
     Almost all current distributions use this init package.)

  3.  Recent Changes and versions


  ·  Version 1.3 -- Written by H. Peter Anvin, and was not maintained
     from 15 Jan 1998.

  ·  Version 1.4 -- Based on v1.3, but added more details.  Currently
     maintained by Rahul U. Joshi

  ·  Version 1.41 -- Modified some steps to prevent errors on swap drive
     if it is checked with SCANDISK.

  Modifications by Rahul U. Joshi

  Date: 26 Nov 1999


  ·  Added Windows 95/98 specific details.

  ·  Added Red Hat Linux specific details.

  ·  Modified the msinfo program.

  ·  Added sections 5 to 12.

  ·  Completely revamped the "Procedure" section to make it more
     understandable.

  ·  Split up the swap initialization and halt into two shell scripts.

  ·  Modified the scripts to handle signature verification more than
     once.

  ·  Added details about new type swap areas.

  ·  Added more reliable schemes.

  4.  Administrative

  4.1.  Copyright

  Unless otherwise stated, Linux HOWTO documents are copyrighted by
  their respective authors. Linux HOWTO documents may be reproduced and
  distributed in whole or in part, in any medium physical or electronic,
  as long as this copyright notice is retained on all copies. Commercial
  redistribution is allowed and encouraged; however, the author would
  like to be notified of any such distributions.

  All translations, derivative works, or aggregate works incorporating
  any Linux HOWTO documents must be covered under this copyright notice.
  That is, you may not produce a derivative work from a HOWTO and impose
  additional restrictions on its distribution. Exceptions to these rules
  may be granted under certain conditions; please contact the Linux
  HOWTO coordinator at the address given below.

  In short, we wish to promote dissemination of this information through
  as many channels as possible. However, we do wish to retain copyright
  on the HOWTO documents, and would like to be notified of any plans to
  redistribute the HOWTOs.

  If you have questions, please contact Tim Bynum, the Linux HOWTO
  coordinator, at linux-howto@sunsite.unc.edu <mailto:linux-
  howto@sunsite.unc.edu> via email.



  4.2.  Disclaimer

  Although I have tried my best to bring out various facts, the author
  is not responsible for any damage due to the actions taken based upon
  the information contained in this document. It is impossible to test
  the things under all the configurations, so probably some of the hints
  given in this document may be buggy and may not work on your system.
  In case you trace the bug, let me know it first !

  This document is provided ``as is''. I put great effort into writing
  it as accurately as I could, but you use the information contained in
  it at your own risk. In no event shall I be liable for any damages
  resulting from the use of this work.

  In case you are planning to include this HOWTO on some distribution
  medium or in print, I will like to have an acknowledgement e-mail
  (just for my record). In that case, I may also be able to send you the
  latest version of the document.



  5.  Before you begin

  This is not a step by step HOWTO. The reader is expected to first read
  the entire document so that he (or she) becomes aware of the possible
  pitfalls and performance bottlenecks. After having a fair idea as to
  what steps are to be taken, he (or she) can then follow the next
  section in a step by step manner. Since you will be playing as a root
  and that too with the system initialization files, be alert as to what
  you are doing. Write in those files comments for those sections that
  you added, and when you want to remove a section, do not delete it.
  Instead just comment it out. (In shell scripts comments begin with a
  pound(#) sign). In case things go wrong, you may restore your original
  configuration by removing the changes you did.  Although you are not
  required to know shell scripting since I have given all those that
  would be needed, some knowledge may be advantageous both for
  understanding as well for debugging.
  6.  The Procedure


  NOTE: This procedure has been written keeping in mind RedHat Linux 6.0
  Although this procedure in general is applicable for all Linux
  distributions, the details may vary. You are welcome to add the
  details for your distribution. Many users will already have a swap
  partition devoted to Linux. I assume you have one.

  6.1.  Turn off swapping and create a DOS partition


  ·

     Boot Linux. Turn off swapping by editing the /etc/fstab file and
     commenting the line that describes your swap partition.


  ·

     Using fdisk under Linux, delete the swap partition in order to
     create free space on the disk.


  ·


     Boot DOS.  Create a DOS partition (using FDISK) the size = the size
     swap space you want. If you cannot create the partition (probably
     because DOS FDISK says that all the space in extended partition is
     allocated to the logical drive), you can use fdisk or cfdisk under
     Linux to create the partition. You can even just change the type of
     your swap partition from 82h (Linux Swap) to 06h (FAT16).  In that
     case you don't need to delete the swap partition, just change the
     type.


  ·

     Once you have created the partition, Boot DOS if you are not
     already in DOS.  DOS will be assigned a drive letter to your new
     partition. Use that drive letter instead of X whenever these
     instructions lists a command like "LABEL X:" or "COPY FOO
     X:DUMMY.DAT"


  ·

     Format this partition using the DOS FORMAT command.



       C:\>FORMAT X:





  ·


     Set the volume label on this partition to "SWAP SPACE" using the
     DOS LABEL command.  Verify it by the DIR command.  Please do this
     as a separate step.  Some versions of FORMAT do not seem to put the
     volume label in the boot sector as it should.  [Note: some people
     has written me saying the volume label is stored in the root
     directory.  Yes, but at least since DOS 5.0 it has also been in the
     boot sector.]


       C:\>LABEL X:
       C:\>DIR X:





  ·


     At this stage, you have a DOS partition ready for use for swapping.





  6.2.  Tell Windows the location of the new swap file

  6.2.1.  For Windows 3.1 users


  ·

     Start Windows.  Go to the Control Panel, select "386 Enhanced".
     Select "Virtual Memory" and create a Windows Permanent swap file on
     drive X: of maximum size (Windows will tell you the maximum size).
     Windows may complain saying it will not use a swap file that big.
     Ignore the message and create the file anyway.



  ·

     Exit Windows.



  6.2.2.  For Windows 95/98 users


  ·


     Start Windows. Go to the Control Panel (Start | Settings | Control
     panel).  Double click the System icon. In the resulting System
     Properties dialog box, select the Performance tab. Now click the
     Virtual Memory button. This will bring up the Virtual Memory dialog
     box. Select "Let me specify my own virtual memory settings". Select
     the drive you intend to share as swap space with Linux (X:). Keep
     the Maximum and Minimum values as selected by Windows. Click OK.
     Windows will prompt you to restart your computer. Do it.




  ·


     When you restart Windows, you will see that the win386.swp file has
     been created on the X: drive. In addition, there is also the
     Recycled folder.  Since you don't intend to store any other files
     on this drive and also a single file on this partition will be
     convienent, tell Windows not to maintain Recycle Bin for this (X:)
     drive. On the Desktop, left click the Recycle Bin icon, and in the
     resulting pop-up menu, click Properties. This will bring up the
     Recycle Bin Properties dialog box. Click the Global tab and select
     "Configure drives independently". Now click the tab for X: drive
     (which will have the label SWAP SPACE). In this dialog box, move
     the slider for "Maximum size of Recycle Bin" to 0 percent. The
     "Space Reserved" entry should now read as 0 bytes. Click OK.
     Restart your computer.


  ·

     Now that you are not maintaining the Recycle Bin for drive X:,
     ideally the RECYCLED folder from X: must be deleted by Windows. Not
     only Windows doesn't does that, but also does not allow you to
     delete the folder. But as I said earlier, this folder is now
     unnecessary and we want drive X: to contain only the win386.swp
     file. For that purpose, first start your computer in MS-DOS mode.
     Select Start | Shut Down | Restart your computer in MS-DOS mode, or
     if you are booting Windows, press F8 at the start, and then from
     the startup menu, select Command Prompt only.  Once you are in MS-
     DOS mode, type the following commands:


       C:\>X:
       X:\>ATTRIB -R -H -S RECYCLED
       X:\>DELTREE RECYCLED




  Now you have drive X: containing only win386.swp. You can verify this
  using the various options for the dircommand. This does not mean that
  the RECYCLED folder will not be there on drive X:. When Windows boots
  up and finds that there is no RECYCLED folder on X:, it will create it
  automatically. However, when we will be restoring X: from Linux, it
  will simply contain win386.swp file. If anyone is aware of a method to
  prevent Windows from creating the RECYCLED folder, please e-mail me.



  ·
      Disk Cleanup troubles you ?


     If you have Disk Cleanup installed, then ocassionally Windows comes
     out with a "Low disk space on drive X:". Since we are using the
     entire X: drive for swapping, there is no need to have any free
     space on X:. To prevent this dialog box from appearing, start Disk
     Cleanup (point to Start | Programs | Accessories | System Tools |
     Disk Cleanup). In the resulting dialog box, select the X: drive and
     click OK. The "Disk Cleanup for drive X:" dialog box appears. Click
     the "Settings" tab and uncheck the "If this drive runs low on disk
     ... blah blah blah" check box.




  >From this stage onwards, Windows will assume that it's swap file is
  on drive X:. So the drive X: must be intact each time you boot
  Windows. If you are using some additional system utilities like Norton
  Utilities for Windows 95, then you should probably consult the online
  help or the manuals to keep them informed of the changes in the
  settings, otherwise they may come out with an error message.

  6.3.  Back up the Total Special Sectors


  ·


     Boot Linux, then log in as root.



  ·


     Use the fdisk command to find the name of the partition and its
     size in blocks.  Create a symbolic link from /dev/winswap to this
     partition.  If the partition is hda7, then type:


       # ln -s /dev/hda7 /dev/winswap




  [NOTE TO PURISTS: Please use a symlink.  The name of this partition is
  going to go into several configuration files and inconsistencies could
  be fatal.]




  ·


     Find the "Total Special Sectors" for the swap drive. These are
     nothing but the total number of sectors required for the boot
     sector, FAT and root directory.  There are a number of ways to find
     this number. Simplest copy the ``msinfo.sh'' file using your
     favourite editor. Give the following commands at the  shell prompt



       # cp Swap-Space-HOWTO msinfo.sh
       # chmod +x msinfo.sh




  (Much easier if you use one of the editors with KDE or GNOME)

  Now, open the msinfo.sh file in the editor and delete everything
  except the msinfo.sh file in section 8. Now run this file as



       # ./msinfo.sh /dev/winswap




  The program will print the some information about the swap partition.
  Take note at the number saying "Total special sectors", and verify
  that the volume label says "SWAP SPACE".  If it does not, reboot DOS
  and re-do the LABEL command.



  ·


     Note: You can also find the "Total Special Sectors" using tools
     that can display the Boot sector like the Norton Disk Editor or
     minfo from mtools under Linux. For Norton Disk Editor, select
     "Boot Sector" from the Object menu. Note down the following entries
     :


       Reserved Sectors at beginning : r
       FAT Copies                    : f
       Sectors per FAT               : s
       Root directory entries        : r





  Now the "Total Special Sectors" is given by

  T = r + (s * f) + (d / 16)

  However, using the above program is more convienent.

  Let us denote these Total Special Sectors by XXX.



  ·


     [Optional step] Windows may occasionally leave some space on the
     partition, even if it is told not to.  Don't attempt to use this
     space, since it will be erased any time you run Linux.  If you want
     to avoid accidentally using it (and lose data), you can create a
     dummy file that fills that space by using the following commands:


       mkdir /mnt
       mount -t msdos /dev/winswap /mnt
       dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/dummy.fil
       umount /mnt




  The dd command will report "No space left on device".  This is exactly
  what you want.



  ·


     Type on the shell prompt:



       # dd if=/dev/winswap bs=512 count=XXX | gzip -9 > /etc/winswap.gz
                                         ^^^





  ... where XXX is replaced with the "Total special sectors" number.

  Here we are saving the Total Special Sectors in a compressed form in
  the file /etc/winswap.gz



  6.4.  Modify the initialization and shutdown scripts to handle our new
  configuration


  ·


     Now, we will modify our initalization scripts so that swap space
     will be create on the partition each time Linux starts and the
     DOS/Windows special sectors will be restored each time Linux shut
     downs.




  ·


     Instead of placing the command for handling the details directly in
     the initialization scripts, we will prepare two separate files
     called swapinit.sh and swaphalt.sh. One sample of these files that
     should work under Red Hat Linux is given in section at the end. You
     can choose to place these files under any directory, preferably
     /etc/rc.d/init.d. Create the two files in this directory and copy
     into then the scripts given in sections at the end. One simple way
     is to copy this HOWTO in these files as,



       # cp Swap-Space-HOWTO  /etc/rc.d/init.d/swapinit.sh
       # cp Swap-Space-HOWTO  /etc/rc.d/init.d/swaphalt.sh




  and then using your favourite editor, delete all execpt the required
  part. Now make these file "executable" by giving the following
  commands


       # chmod +x swapinit.sh
       # chmod +x swaphalt.sh






  ·

     Run fdisk and find the size of the swap partition in blocks. In
     both the above files (swap????.sh) replace the YYYYY by this
     number.




  ·

     Check the name of the shutdown file.  For SysVinit this is the file
     listed in the following line of /etc/inittab; add it if you don't
     have it.


       # Runlevel 0 means shut down the system
       l0:0:wait:/etc/brc




  (Under Red Hat Linux, this file probably will be
  /etc/rc.d/init.d/halt) If you are not in a position to find it out,
  browse through the /etc directory and find the initialization file
  that contains the "swapon -a" command. Only this much for now !

  For the remainder of this file, I will assume the filename was
  /etc/rc.d/init.d/halt (halt for short).




  ·

     Check the name of your system initialization file. For SysVinit,
     this is the file listed in the following line of /etc/inittab.



       # System initialization
       si::sysinit:/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit




  In case of your distribution, your file may be different. I assume
  that the file is /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit (rc.sysinit for short)




  ·


     Add the following piece of code to your initialization file
     (rc.sysinit), in place of the "swapon -a" command. You may consider
     not deleting but just commenting the original commands so that if
     something goes wrong, we can restore the script to it's initial
     state.

     If your swapon is in /etc, replace /sbin/swapon with /etc/swapon.
     If it is in /bin, replace with /bin/swapon.  Do the same for
     mkswap.













  # -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  # removed by yourname
  # Start up swapping.
  # action "Activating swap partitions" swapon -a
  # -----------------------------------------------------------------------

  # ----------------------------------------------------------------------
  # added by yourname
  # Verify and initialize swap space
  #
  /etc/rc.d/init.d/swapinit.sh
  # ----------------------------------------------------------------------






  ·


     A simple way to paste the text is to start two Virtual Consoles.
     Log as  a root in both cases. Use your favourite editor to open
     this HOWTO on one console and the script to be modified on other
     console. Now select the above code with your mouse and switch to
     the other console. Place the cursor at the desired position to
     paste and press the right mouse button. The selected text will be
     copied.




  ·


     Add the following piece of code to your shutdown file (halt).Put
     this after any command that might need swap to be in place.
     Normally, your halt file will have the "swapoff -a" command. First
     replace the -a by /dev/winswap. Then immediately after that
     section, add the following commands.


     Note for RedHat Linux 6.1 :  It seems that Red Hat Linux 6.1 halt
     script automatically finds all the swap partitions and turns of
     swapping.  So, RedHat Linux 6.1 users need not replace the swapoff
     $SWAPS comamnd by the swapoff -a command. In that case, just add
     the /etc/rc.d/init.d/swaphalt.sh command to the halt file




       # ------------------------------------------------------------------------
       # Modified by yourname
       # replaced "swapoff -a" by "swapoff /dev/winswap"
       #
       # Turn off swap, then unmount file systems.
       runcmd "Turning off swap and accounting" swapoff /dev/winswap
       [ -x /sbin/accton ] && /sbin/accton
       # ------------------------------------------------------------------------

       # ------------------------------------------------------------------------
       # Added by yourname
       # check swap signature and restore Windows swap info
       /etc/rc.d/init.d/swaphalt.sh
       # ------------------------------------------------------------------------

  6.5.  Reenable swapping


  Uncomment the line in /etc/fstab that you commented earlier. (Not
  really necessary, since we now do not refer to fstab for swap
  partitions). Reboot Linux.  You should now have swapping on the new
  swap device.


  7.  A couple of notes



  ·

     There is no need to add /dev/winswap to your /etc/fstab file.  In
     fact, it is probably wise not to do so (except possibly as a
     comment).




  ·


     If your Linux session crashes or otherwise exits without running
     /etc/rc.d/init.d/halt, you will need to reboot and exit Linux
     before swapping in Windows will work.  It is also possible to
     FORMAT X: and re-create the Windows swap file.  The only way around
     this would be to put the equivalent of the /.../halt commands in
     the DOS AUTOEXEC.BAT file. I have tried to write some programs to
     do this, but that turned out to be a hell lot of trouble !  First
     and foremost, simply restoring the total special sectors doesn't
     please DOS. Along with that, it seems you need to modify some
     internal data structures so that DOS starts recognizing your drive,
     otherwise DOS comes out with the error message:


       Invalid media type reading drive X:
       Abort, Retry or Fail ?




  Since I am not aware of many details of DOS's or Windows's handling of
  disk drives, I think at this point, you may consult some DOS expert.
  Of course, if you are not concerned about the booting time, then you
  can simply add the command to perform an unconditional FORMAT of X:
  and then restore the TSS's. May be there are some other solutions. If
  you are aware of one, please e-mail me today !



  ·


     One way to restore your Windows swap partition is to start Linux,
     disable swapping as described above, and then use the following
     command :



       # swapoff -a
       # zcat /etc/winswap.gz > /dev/winswap
       # reboot

  ·

     Why to delete the RECYCLED folder ?  According to the procedure
     mentioned above, you must delete the RECYCLED folder. This is
     necessary because we will be saving and restoring only the sectors
     unto the root directory, but no further sectors. Also, we want the
     drive X: to be restored to a "clean" state with no errors. If we
     don't delete the RECYCLED folder, then the root directory entry is
     restored, but the "." and ".." entries for this folder are not
     restored and ScanDisk finds errors on the disk. To prevent this
     from happening, we will delete the RECYCLED folder and hence only
     the entry for win386.swp file will be restored.




  ·


     If DOS' FDISK reports the partition as a "logical DOS drive", it
     has a number of 5 (as in /dev/hda5) or higher.  It is *NOT* the
     partition labelled "extended" which has a number of 4 or less!!  If
     your Linux fdisk does not display logical partitions, you have a
     broken Linux fdisk (Slackware 2.2 included a broken fdisk, for
     example.)  You can try "cfdisk" if your distribution has it, or you
     will have to get a working fdisk.



  ·

     When you turn off swapping, Linux has to manage everything in the
     main memory itself. If your system memory is low, say something
     like 16MB, then some large applications that run during
     initialization may not be able to run properly. As an example, you
     may get the following message during initialization:



       Finding module dependencies Out of memory




  I don't think this will cause any problems later until you reenable
  swapping. But it's always better to take some precautions. As you will
  be seeing in the next section, Linux can also be configured to use a
  swap file instead of a swap partition. So if you feel that Linux will
  not run properly with your normal system memory, create a swap file
  that Linux will use temporarily until swapping is restored. This swap
  file should preferably in the root directory. Figure out the minimum
  size of swap space required. It will probably equal to your system
  memory. Create a swap file of that size by giving the following
  commands (assuming 16MB swap space):



       # dd if=/dev/zero of=/swap bs=1024 count=16384
       # mkswap /swap 16384
       # sync




  Now place the command swapon /swap just after the original swapon -a
  command in the rc.sysinit file. Thus, now your system has been
  configured to use swap file and hopefully there will be no Out of
  memory errors. After having a workable swap partition (i.e after
  following through this HOWTO completely), you can remove the swapon
  /swap line that you added to your rc.sysinit file.




  ·


     Please do not mail me unless you have checked and re-checked that
     you copied your scripts correctly.  More than half of the problems
     reported with this Mini-HOWTO have been due to typos when copying
     the scripts.  (Use cut-and- paste if you can!). Even a spacing
     error can cause an error. For example, if at the startup you get
     the messages



       Verifying swap space...Linux signature found
       swapon: /dev/winswap invalid argument




  Then, surely there has been a typing mistake in your scripts. Please
  check your scripts.




  ·


     Sometimes, the swap partition is detected to have neither Linux nor
     Windows info and the "No signature found" error appears. I exactly
     don't know why this happens, but for that case, I have written the
     code in swap????.sh files to try six times before reporting an
     error. Normally, the DOS signature should be found on the first
     try, but many a times on my system it is found on iteration 2, 5 or
     not at all after 12 iterations. You may consider increasing the
     number of tries to some value like 12 or 24, there is no harm in
     doing so. Once on my system, the script could not detect the
     signatures even after 50 iterations !  If such a situation arises,
     you may consider making a symbolic link to the swapinit.sh file in
     your root home directory, and execute it at startup.



       # ln -s /etc/rc.d/init.d/swapinit.sh swapinit.sh
       # ./swapinit.sh




  However, what I have observed is that once the setup runs on your
  system for some time, the appropriate signatures are always found on
  the first iteration.


  ·

     For added reliability

     Your Linux Box runs something very important, or your system memory
     is less so that without swapping, your applications just start
     collapsing ? You have set up the swap partition to be shared by
     Windows. But many a times, your system is unable to detect the
     proper signatures after exhaustive probing and so disables any
     swapping partitions. At your own risk, you may consider removing
     the signature checking logic, but here is a more approachable
     solution.

     First refer to the ``previous point'' and create a swap file in the
     Linux root directory, with the name /swap. Keep it's size according
     to your requirement. Now open the swapinit.sh file and modify the
     last if statement as follows:



       if [ $activated -ne 1 ] ; then
         echo "Swap signature not found after $loopcount tries"
         echo "Activating swap file"
         swapon /swap
         exit 1
       fi




  Thus if we find that swap partition lacks appropriate swap signatures,
  then we enable the swap file. Since the swap file is on the root
  partition and the Linux Kernel refuses to proceed until it mounts the
  root file system, you are safely assured that the swap file will
  always be successfully activated. Instead of creating and keeping the
  swap file and wasting disk space, you may also modify the code to
  create the swap file on the fly.



  ·

     Saving more disk space As we saw, Linux and Windows can share their
     swap spaces. But Window doesn't really require as large a swap file
     as your Linux swap partition ? Then you can have some free space on
     the swap partition (keep the Windows swap file size smaller than
     the swap partition size). Swapping for Windows based applications
     is managed by Windows itself. But many DOS programs like Turbo C++
     Compiler, Norton DOS etc. also manage their own swap files. In that
     case it is possible to configure these programs so that they create
     their swap files in the swap partition instead of their default
     location.  This will increase your usable disk space. Also, most of
     these program forget to delete the swap files they created, leading
     to a large used disk space. But with this setup, every time you
     shut down Linux, you get a clean swap partition, saving your time
     in finding and deleting these swap files.  For example, you can
     tell Turbo C++ to swap on drive say E: by invoking it as


       C:\CLAN>TC /RE




  For Norton DOS, set the variable in the NDOS.INI file as,


       Swapping = E:\



  Many other programs may rely on the TEMP or TMP environment variables
  to decide where they will swap. In that case you may set these vari­
  ables appropriately in your AUTOEXEC.BAT file.



  ·

      What if the swap partition is a FAT32 ?  No, you can't have a swap
     partition with a FAT32 file system. First of all, Linux can use a
     maximum of 128MB of swap space on a single swap partition.  Thus,
     if your swap partition is larger than 128MB, you are wasting your
     disk space. And Windows will refuse to convert a partition of 128MB
     into a FAT32 file system.




  ·

     The new style swap space Linux knows about two styles of swap
     areas, the old style and the new style.  By default, you will be
     using the old style swap space with a signature "SWAP-SPACE". If
     you want to use the new style swap space, then first of all change
     "SWAP-SPACE" in all the above scripts to "SWAPSPACE2". Also add an
     option -v1 in the mkswap command in the swapinit.sh script, as
     follows



       /sbin/mkswap -v1 /dev/winswap YYYYY




  Also, run the following commands from the shell prompt :



       # swapoff /dev/winswap
       # mkswap -v1 /dev/winswap YYYYY
       # swapon /dev/winswap




  It seems that under new style swap space, your usable swap partition
  can be as large as 2GB on i386 platforms. This means that you can now
  have a swap partition larger than 512MB which Windows can format as a
  FAT32 partition .  Someone help on how do we save the "Total Special
  Sectors" under a FAT32 partition.



  8.  What are we exactly doing ?


  ·


     Both Windows and Linux use swap space. When an OS is shut down, the
     contents of the swap space are just garbage, the OS doesn't bother
     about what is in it.  Now what is the point in devoting a 60MB
     partition for swap space to Linux and about 32MB of disk space
     separately to Windows when only one of them is going to run at a
     time (It is possible to run both Linux and Windows at the same
     time, thanks to VMWare. For more information, see VMWare website
     <http://www.vmware.com>). So we want Linux and Windows to share the
     same hard disk space as swap space.




  ·


     The problem is that Linux uses a partition as a swap space and
     Windows uses a file as a swap space. ( Although it is possible to
     create a swap file for Linux, it is not recommended. See "Linux
     Installation and Getting Started" by Matt Welsh). Now if Linux uses
     the same partition on which Windows stores it's swap file, it will
     overwrite the boot sector, FAT and other data tables that Windows
     assumes to exist on every drive. Thus, Windows will not be in a
     position to find the swap file on startup and will create the
     win386.swp file in the windows directory. Thus, even if by chance,
     your Linux crashes, Windows will be in a position to start. In such
     a case ( with Windows swap file in the  Windows directory), just
     restore the DOS/Windows swap info by restarting Linux and the start
     Windows. Now Windows will be using the swap file on drive X: so you
     can safely delete the win386.swp file in the windows directory.




  ·


     The remedy is to store those critical data tables once on the Linux
     partition in some file. Then every time Linux starts, check whether
     the swap space was last used by Linux or Windows (using the label
     you gave to your partition).  If it was Linux, just enable swapping
     else first make a swap partition on the X: drive using "mkswap
     /dev/winswap" and then enable swapping.



  ·


     When you shut down Linux, it is important to restore the swap
     partition to the DOS format, so that Windows can start properly.
     For that purpose we add the



       /bin/zcat /etc/winswap.gz > /dev/winswap




  command to the halt file.



  9.  The swapinit.sh script


  This shell script initializes the swap space on the partition. The
  code for signature detection has been repeated 6 times because many a
  times the signature is properly detected only on the second or the
  third try.

  (Adapted from the original Swap-Space-HOWTO by H. Peter Anvin)



       #!/bin/sh
       #
       # swapinit.sh - activate the swap partition
       #
       # written by Rahul U. Joshi
       # Verify and initialize swap space
       #

       echo -n 'Verifying swap space... '

       loopcount=0

       # flag to indicate whether the partition has been activated or not
       activated=0

       # check for signatures 6 times before giving up
       while [ $loopcount -lt 6 ]
         do

         if [ "`/bin/dd 2>/dev/null if=/dev/winswap bs=1 count=10  skip=4086`" = 'SWAP-SPACE' ]; then
           echo "Linux signature found, iteration $loopcount"
           echo "Activating swap partitions"
           swapon /dev/winswap
           activated=1
           break

         elif [ "`/bin/dd 2>/dev/null if=/dev/winswap bs=1 count=11 skip=43`" = 'SWAP SPACE ' ]; then
           echo "DOS signature found, iteration $loopcount"
           echo "Making swap partition"
           mkswap /dev/winswap YYYYY
           echo "Activating swap partitions"
           swapon /dev/winswap
           activated=1
           break

         else
          let loopcount=loopcount+1
         fi

         done


       if [ $activated -ne 1 ] ; then
         echo "Swap signature not found after $loopcount tries"
         echo "No swapping partitions activated"
         exit 1
       fi




  10.  The swaphalt.sh script

  This script first checks the Linux swap signature and then restores
  the Windows file system on it.

  (Adapted from the original Swap-Space-HOWTO by H. Peter Anvin)





  #!/bin/sh
  #
  # swaphalt.sh   This file is executed through the /etc/rc.d/init.d/halt
  #               script after swapping and accounting has been turned off.
  #
  # Author:       Rahul U. Joshi
  #

  # check swap partition signature and restore Windows swap info

  loopcount=0

  # flag to indicate whether the swap info has been restored or not
  restored=0

  # check for swap signature 3 times before giving up
  while [ $loopcount -lt 3 ]
    do

    if [ "`/bin/dd 2>/dev/null if=/dev/winswap bs=1 count=10 skip=4086`" = 'SWAP-SPACE' ]; then
      echo "Restoring DOS/Windows swap info , iteration $loopcount"
      /bin/zcat /etc/winswap.gz  >  /dev/winswap
      restored=1
      break
    else
      loopcount=loopcount+1
    fi

    done

  if [ $restored -ne 1 ] ; then
     echo "Swap signature not found after $loopcount tries"
     echo "Skipping restoring"
  fi





  11.  The msinfo.sh script


  This shell script analyses the boot sector of the given partition and
  displays some information along with the "Total Special Sectors" in a
  message box. It assumes that the filesystem on the given partition is
  a FAT16. If not, it will print an error message and exit. Invoke it as



       # msinfo <partition name>






  To run this script, you will need the "dialog" program that displays
  dialog boxes. You can get it from here
  <http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/utils/shell>.







  #!/bin/sh
  #
  # msinfo.sh           This shell script displays the boot sector of the
  #                     given partition.
  #
  # Author:             Rahul U. Joshi
  #
  # Modifications       Removed the use of expr and replaced it by the let
  #                     command.


  # check for command line arguments
  if [ $# -ne 1 ]; then
     echo "Usage: msinfo <partition name>"
     exit 1
  fi

  # check whether the input name is a block device
  if [ ! -b $1 ]; then
     echo "msinfo: $1 is not a block device"
     exit 1
  fi

  # create two temporary files for use
  TMPFILE=`mktemp -q /tmp/$0.XXXXXX`
  if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
      echo "msinfo: Can't create temp file, exiting..."
      exit 1
  fi

  TXTFILE=`mktemp -q /tmp/$0.XXXXXX`
  if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
     echo "msinfo: Can't create temp file, exiting..."
     rm -f $TMPFILE
     exit 1
  fi

  backtitle="`printf "%78s" "msinfo, Information about FAT16 filesystem -- Rahul Joshi"`"

  dialog --title "Boot sector of $1" --backtitle "$back_title" --infobox "\nAnalysing boot sector for $1\nPlease wait ..."  14 60

  # truncate TXTFILE to zero length
  echo > $TXTFILE

  # get Formatting DOS version
  dd 2>/dev/null if=$1  bs=1 count=8 skip=3 | dd 2>/dev/null of=$TMPFILE
  printf >>$TXTFILE "%30s : %s\n" "Formatting DOS version" "`cat $TMPFILE`"


  # get file system
  dd 2>/dev/null if=$1  bs=1 count=8 skip=54 | dd 2>/dev/null of=$TMPFILE
  printf >>$TXTFILE "%30s : %s\n" "Filesystem" "`cat $TMPFILE`"

  # check if filesystem in a FAT16
  if [ "`cat $TMPFILE`" != "FAT16   " ]; then
    dialog --title "Boot sector of $1" --backtitle "$back_title" --infobox  "\nCan't find a FAT16 filesystem on $1"  14 60
    exit 2
  fi

  # get volume label in boot sector
  dd 2>/dev/null if=$1  bs=1 count=11 skip=43 | dd 2>/dev/null of=$TMPFILE
  printf >>$TXTFILE "%30s : %s\n" "Volume label in boot sector" "`cat $TMPFILE`"


  # get Sector size
  dd 2>/dev/null if=$1  bs=1 count=2 skip=11| od -An -tdS | dd 2>/dev/null of=$TMPFILE
  printf >>$TXTFILE "%30s : %d\n" "Sector size" `cat $TMPFILE`
  sector_size=`cat $TMPFILE`


  # get Reserved sectors
  dd 2>/dev/null if=$1  bs=1 count=2 skip=14| od -An -tdS | dd 2>/dev/null of=$TMPFILE
  printf >>$TXTFILE "%30s : %d\n" " Reserved sectors" `cat $TMPFILE`
  reserved_sectors=`cat $TMPFILE`


  # get FAT sectors
  dd 2>/dev/null if=$1  bs=1 count=1 skip=16| od -An -tdS | dd 2>/dev/null of=$TMPFILE
  fat_count=`cat $TMPFILE`

  dd 2>/dev/null if=$1  bs=1 count=2 skip=22| od -An -tdS | dd 2>/dev/null of=$TMPFILE
  sectors_per_fat=`cat $TMPFILE`

  # calculate the no of sectors allocated for FAT's
  let fat_sectors=fat_count*sectors_per_fat

  printf >>$TXTFILE "%30s : %u (%u x %u) \n" "FAT sectors" "$fat_sectors" "$fat_count" "$sectors_per_fat"


  # get root directory sectors
  dd 2>/dev/null if=$1  bs=1 count=2 skip=17| od -An -tdS | dd 2>/dev/null of=$TMPFILE
  root_sectors=`cat $TMPFILE`

  # calculate the no of sectors allocated for root directory
  let root_sectors=root_sectors*32/sector_size

  printf >>$TXTFILE "%30s : %u\n" "Root directory sectors" "$root_sectors"


  # get Total special sectors
  let total=reserved_sectors+fat_sectors+root_sectors
  printf >>$TXTFILE "%30s : %u\n" "Total special sectors" "$total"


  # display the information
  dialog --title "Boot sector of $1"  --backtitle "$back_title"  --msgbox "`cat $TXTFILE`" 14 60

  # delete temporary files
  rm -f $TMPFILE
  rm -f $TXTFILE

  # end of msinfo.sh




  12.  The original msinfo file


  Here is the msinfo file required to find the "Total Special Sectors".
  It was included by the original author of this HOWTO in an encoded
  form. First copy the text from the line "begin 755 msinfo.gz" to the
  line "end" into a temporary file say temp.uu. Then uudecode this file,
  and finally gunzip to get msinfo file.



       # uudecode temp.uu
       # gunzip  msinfo.gz



  Now run the program using the command



       # ./msinfo /dev/winswap




  The program displays the boot sector information for given partition
  as well as the "Total Special Sectors" for the drive.



       begin 755 msinfo.gz
       M'XL(`$$YNRT"`Y557TQ;51@_MW]HZ0AM'"$U-.28W([..>84%1%D2QH>',9*
       M2S&VC);V=FV]T*;WWBD+1I)K'YH;DOJF#YH80GPR^J""D"R8-K('MS2;#Q*S
       M%Y,E-P&592A$V:[?.;?M"FP/?DG/G^_[?7_Z_3G7PL313TT(?8P0<J"CI':8
       M$5H^#:=5<KT^MQ`^UAQ1O*QUH0<.]B7S/FC[U!98Y;))]<*N^AG"^LB((J%E
       MAFIM[A9U0O`;%:*7N#[L%G!_-IH34V(J,WUZ.CK%O6I#N4DTE,E-144Q-7T)
       M>]_PX\M<3@!`'ZZ26[`-I7A.F!%$;JK.;21`!#.\-,5A/CK)\=B3FL:3F8PH
       M<#$QDSO91Q%^>L%"Z@KW*"-NR3;""5SN,A?'NI[0=P0Q=#[P&&$5@3UNZ3VW
       M=-(V`NYQ/)6CX)DC2F`KD!&C/!:R7"Q%]L-6`8'D+=]8T*^$V8@RR\;5\P9(
       M^;\&T:F]E`Q`EI,_6YHCZBT#BJ09M0VV9!:XVKLF]0NX%'Z4R];\W](3A-%J
       MI:`_&12!>@33QC0S'V8]?O5+0`;3UC23K)!"?@97N8R#:29MF/>R)PI>UJF)
       MK%/-4QR39OSJE8,8MHZ)UC#`?1ZX'N!ZU`L'X;@.?X["C<1DUT%,9QW32C''
       M"<98PQR#8#=(L'>96NQWR/4W1@>H3\'!OC3,MMN_"[,=A1OVK^XEH($[$S^H
       MY@28=MB78-$/`=8)(L=\P*$5*I_LS@)_G7!=\Z9V@F"``Y$XQM[T!T>(WHNU
       M/T9CH)YIZI("&9ZK32AR=DTN/QNZ."&7?27H_<(=_^=Q"U1N3Y.>!-E`$BY(
       M;(4ZG)/[\_0F_54HY7\5[<!33)\2M%:Y(.THX_N%K?%2L9&(O=4>8F^@IV9(
       M,<HEDU:17T'23M)GA#ANW-<F'J5-]>6!G2;BU+YN)@<RL.JBIFD4[:<###UG
       MO3Z77WO?L?O+@@G\+(-<"X&QT"&#_N7@_\2;JGAEF&U1`JR#ZCD/Z]7HJ'ZH
       M09_JNAZGJ^N?X5.39_AXMY!!?3@6G>X2,9^)QG%\!IZ@5`SSJ>EWN!SN>HCK
       MLJ%F08R*J5B4YV=T0-R&J#UYJW>4#"7/#D,0/GG`0ZI@__`;6->]K!>C[<GD
       M31/IQP>:!B]D?DT,*<;Y6=9Y]3:P][^W`?+>8F(1!*ZY7B1:BN=@D_XY9?0I
       M'?ZT0=V@BBWIIV$47#Y@7-,9Q>0<*=7;NMW-NS2>9#_X3V)8()?A$;!`ALRW
       M#&\%RO_^@9F6TP<]'M8J@'AFA"[JM]0(WCQ!`[.826!F&A@HG4JWU5R_KKL&
       M9GNQF$;J[?NZ\YUZ?B].C,OEWI*\94J`:6LB?U,RK^2.([0QRQK(W!D2[K5M
       M,G>&0B7A'K03F"'17*&L#9XU@+U2L9K4-GCIG(K(NE:SM,>SM,?;X,T:&U6,
       MT./E%NAUTNE_$,^E(A0M!B7K[D'>X6'\FC25Q3W=+V3YLR^CXJW.S0>#54*#
       M#ZE^AI+N-35^_>![U4!?@VQ%ET<L!BC>MC5"\GH->"T6'4/2NS>((N0,DT>_
       9K6^!S%65KRS`,`,UVB43\!]-BKG]B`<``#5"
       `
       end






  13.  For users of v1.4 of the Swap-Space HOWTO

  I found out that the procedure mentioned in v1.4 of this document was
  a bit buggy. If you have used v1.4 procedure to set up a shared swap
  space between Linux and Windows and found out that if you happen to
  check drive X: for errors with ScanDisk, it gives errors, follow the
  following procedure to get things correct.


  ·

     First of all, start Linux, and just comment out the line in
     rc.sysinit file which calls the swapinit.sh script and the line in
     halt file that calls the swaphalt.sh script. In effect, no swap
     partitions will be activated when you start Linux the next time. If
     your system RAM is low consider creating a swap file for temporary
     use. For details, refer to the section "A couple of notes".


  ·

     Next, shut down Linux, start Windows, press F8 at start and then
     select Command prompt only from the startup menu. Now type at the
     command prompt:


       C:\>SCANDISK X:




  ScanDisk will tell that the folder RECYCLED or some other folders are
  damaged. Tell it to correct the errors. It may also find some lost
  cluster chains. Tell it not to save them. In short, repair your drive
  X: and make sure that ScanDisk does not touch the win386.swp file. You
  may consider keeping a note of the size of win386.swp before and aftre
  ScanDisk. If ScanDisk does modify the size of win386.swp, add anything
  rubbish or delete data from the file to restore it's size.


  ·

     Clean the X: drive so that it contains only win386.swp file. Delete
     all other files and the RECYCLED folder. Type the following command
     to delete RECYCLED folder:


       C:\>X:
       X:\>ATTRIB -R -H -S RECYCLED
       X:\>DELTREE RECYCLED





  ·

     Start Linux. Log in as a root and give the following command:


       # dd if=/dev/winswap bs=512 count=XXX | gzip -9 > /etc/winswap.gz




  where XXX are the now familier total special sectors.


  ·

     Now uncomment the commands for swapinit.sh and swaphalt.sh in the
     respective files and also remove any command that you added for
     using the swap file. You system is now ready for use.



  14.  Acknowledgements, feedback and dedication

  This Mini-HOWTO has been largely derived from the Swap-Space Mini
  HOWTO by H. Peter Anvin. I have added the Windows 95/98 specific
  details as well as a few Red Hat Linux specific details. The msinfo
  program given in the original HOWTO didn't work on my Red Hat Linux 6
  system, so I created a similar program. However, I have also included
  the original msinfo program. Thanks to  all those great people
  involved with the development of Linux,to the people  at Red Hat for
  giving a great Linux distribution and to Sanjiv Guha, one of the  co-
  authors of "Red Hat Linux 6 Unleashed" from Techmedia for guidance
  about  shell programming. Thanks also to Matt Welsh, Greg Hankins and
  Eric S. Raymond, the authors of SGML-Tool's Users Guide, which helped
  me in converting the document in SGML format. Thanks are also to Peter
  Norton and John Goodman for there venerable "Peter Norton's Inside the
  PC", which helped me about DOS file system structure. Finally, thanks
  to PC Quest Linux Project for bringing out Linux  CDROMS frequently.

  I rely on you, the readers, to make this HOWTO useful. If you have any
  suggestions, comments, corrections, requests, flames, etc., feel free
  to contact me. Right now, I have no internet access, but still you
  contact me in case of questions at my Hotmail
  <mailto:jurahul@hotmail.com> account (Hey! Don't blame me for using a
  Microsoft service. Hotmail was created by our Indian guy Sabeer
  Bhatia). May be someone from you local  place may also come to your
  rescue.If you find my account unoperational and your problem is indeed
  important, you may mail me at amitanatu@sprynet.com
  <mailto:amitanatu@sprynet.com>.

  Finally, I would like to dedicate this work to Robert Lafore, the
  author of excellent books "C programming using Turbo C++" and "Object
  Oriented Programming using Turbo C++".

  Enjoy Linux,

  Rahul :-)




































