  Automount mini-Howto
  don@sabotage.org
  v0.4, 17 April 1999

  This file describes the autofs automounter, how to configure it, and
  points out some problems to avoid.
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Table of Contents


  1. Introduction

     1.1 Automount - what and why
     1.2 Types of automounting

  2. Installation

  3. Configuration

  4. That long wait to unmount

  5. Questions

     5.1 I don't see /auto/floppy, or whatever mountpoint I'm looking for.
     5.2 How do I see what's mounted?
     5.3 I put in a win95 disk ("vfat") and it was autodetected as only a regular FAT disk.
     5.4 My filesystem
     5.5 What happens if I make / the directory for the automounter
     5.6 Can I have two map files on the same directory?
     5.7 I'm using SuSE 6.0 and needed
     5.8 How do I set the permissions and ownership for the filesystem (IE FAT)
     5.9 Who do I thank for autofs?
     5.10 Where can I learn more about automounting?


  ______________________________________________________________________

  1.  Introduction

  1.1.  Automount - what and why

  Automouting is the process where mounting (and unmounting) of certain
  filesystems is done automatically by a daemon. If the filesystem is
  unmounted, and a user attempts to access it, it will be automatically
  (re)mounted. This is especially useful in large networked environments
  and for crossmounting filesystems between a few machines (especially
  ones which are not always online). It may also be very useful for
  removable devices, or a few other uses, such as easy switching between
  a forced-on ascii conversion mount of a dos filesystem and a forced-
  off ascii conversion mount of the same dos fs.


  1.2.  Types of automounting

  There are two types of automounters in linux; AMD and autofs. AMD is
  the automount daemon, and supposedly works like the SunOS AMD. It is
  implemented in user space, meaning it's not part of the kernel. It's
  not necessary for the kernel to understand automounting if you NFS
  mount to the local host, through the AMD daemon, which routes all
  automount filesystem traffic through the NFS system. Autofs is a newer
  system assisted by the kernel, meaning that the kernel's filesystem
  code knows where the automount mount points are on an otherwise normal
  underlying fs, and the automount program takes it from there. Only
  autofs will be described in this mini-howto.

  2.  Installation

  Because autofs is implemented in kernel-space, your kernel must have
  support compiled in. In 2.0.xx it is an experimental option, but
  appears to be quite stable. In 2.2.xx it is a normal option.


  The automount program and its configuration files are also necessary;
  using the rpms (from RedHat, as part of the install) is a great way to
  go. The automount program should be started by an rc script under the
  /etc/rc.d/init.d directory . The rpm installs this, but you will need
  to make sure it gets started, either by linking it from your rc?.d
  directory, using Redhat's control-panel, or on another distribution by
  getting the thing started anyway you care to.  Non-rpm distros will
  have to do whatever's applicable to their system. And don't look too
  hard at what the rc script does; if you're reading this howto you
  probably don't want to know.


  3.  Configuration

  Installing the RPM's will get you to this point easily enough, but
  here's the part you might not be sure about if you haven't done this
  before.


  There are two files in /etc, one called auto.master and one called
  auto.misc.  My auto.master looks like this:

  /auto   /etc/auto.misc  --timeout 60

  The first entry is not the mount point. It's where the set of mount
  points (found in the second entry) are going to be. The third option
  says that the mounted filesystems can try to unmount themselves 60
  seconds after use. They can't unmount if being used, of course.

  Auto.misc is a "map file". The map file can have any name; this one is
  named auto.misc because it originally controlled /misc. Multiple map
  files can be defined in auto.master.  My auto.misc looks like this:

  kernel          -ro,soft,intr           ftp.kernel.org:/pub/linux
  cd              -fstype=iso9660,ro      :/dev/cdrom
  zip             -fstype=auto            :/dev/hdd4
  floppy          -fstype=vfat            :/dev/fd0

  The first column (the "key") is the mount point. In this case it would
  be /auto/floppy or whatever. The middle set are the options; read the
  mount manpage for details on this. And the last column specifies where
  the fs comes from. The "kernel" entry is supposed to be an NFS mount.
  The : on all the other lines means its a local device.

  4.  That long wait to unmount

  Some of you may be eyeing that 60 second timeout and thinking, that's
  a long time to wait to eject a floppy.. Maybe I'll just sync the disks
  and pop it out mounted and nobody will notice. Let me suggest saner
  alternatives.  First of all, you can change the timeout. But that
  could be a little inefficient; telling the system to unmount stuff
  after only 15 seconds or whatever. Depending on your setup, you may be
  able to simply run the umount command as a normal user.  But there is
  actually a way to ask the automount program to umount. If you send
  (with the program kill) the signal SIGUSR1 to the automount process,
  it will unmount everything it can. But before people start making
  unmount buttons on their window managers, there's a little problem.

  The automount process is run by root, and it will only accept signals
  from root. Half of the reason you're probably doing automounting is so
  you can mount an unmount *without* being root. It would be easy to
  make a suid-root C program which does the dirty deed. However, by
  using sudo it is possible to allow users to send the proper kill
  signal. The only problem is that sudo will not let you use ` to
  process subcommands, which you would have to do to find the current
  PID. You should have a program called killall, which will let you do
  this: (thanks for the suggestions)

  ALL     ALL=NOPASSWD:/usr/bin/killall -USR1 automount


  Otherwise, you would have to allow your users to send -SIGUSR1 to all
  processes.  That has various effects on programs; it will recycle some
  window managers, but kills xemacs. So here's hoping there's no buffer
  overruns in killall...


  5.  Questions

  5.1.  I don't see /auto/floppy, or whatever mountpoint I'm looking
  for.

  If automount is setup properly, whatever mount point you're looking
  for will be there if you try and use it, even though you don't see it
  when not in use. If you're browsing the directory with a graphical
  tool, you may need to type in the name manually; most programs will
  try what you give it, and the drive will be mounted before it notices.
  Unfortunately not being able to choose from the available invisible
  mount points is probably the major drawback of autofs. If it really
  bugs you, edit the configuration files.  (Hint, the ones that end in
  .c for "configuration")

  One workaround several people have tried is to create symbolic links
  to where automount will create something once it's mounted. This will
  likely prevent the program from complaining a directory doesn't exist
  (if the mount works, that is) but careless directory listings will
  cause filesystems to be mounted.


  5.2.  How do I see what's mounted?

  The df command. mount with no options will do the same, plus show the
  options its mounted with.

  5.3.  I put in a win95 disk ("vfat") and it was autodetected as only a
  regular FAT disk.

  This is not a problem with automount. As of this writing, the "auto"
  fs type does not attempt a vfat mount before it successfully mounts an
  msdos filesystem. VFAT is the Win95 and WinNT long filenames crammed
  into a FAT/MSDOS filesystem.

  According to one of the authors of mount, since mount is only a
  wrapper around a system call which must specify the filesystem type,
  it's still the responsibility of the user to come up with the fs type.
  Having mount take a list of filesystems to try in order, rather than
  the current "heuristic" is under consideration. Some users have simply
  not compiled msdos into the kernel; this prevents it from being tested
  prior to vfat. This will work for most people; a few actually need
  msdos fs and it caused me quite some frustration to not have a module
  handy when I actually needed it.

  I'm sure that if anyone wants to go to the effort of finding the
  owner(s) of the mount program, your comments would be welcome. So
  unless you don't compile msdos in, for now this means that you can't
  mount vfat unless you give up the ability to autodetect all other
  fs's. Hopefully it will be configurable someday. In the mean time,
  feel free to create multiple mount points with different fs types
  specified.

  5.4.  My filesystem /auto/grumblesmurf  is mounted and kill -SIGUSR1
  won't unmount it.

  It's being used by something. Root probably can't manually unmount it
  either. If you're the one who caused it to be mounted (i.e. it can't
  be someone else using it) look around for a shell that might be in
  that directory. If there are none, look for something else
  (particularly something that might have gone though that directory
  like a directory browser) that might have left an invisible foot in
  the door so to speak. If you've given up looking, try using the fuser
  program.


  5.5.  What happens if I make / the directory for the automounter

  Oooh. Well, out of a statistical sample of only one person, none of
  the results were positive. You have been warned. If you want
  /grumblesmurf, then I suggest a symbolic link. Much safer.


  5.6.  Can I have two map files on the same directory?

  Not as far as I know. Try using one map file, with specific options
  for individual entries.


  5.7.  I'm using SuSE 6.0 and needed ---timeout  instead of --timeout

  Uh. Ok, I've made a note about it. Another solution to "timeout not
  working" problems would be to add a -t time option to the autofs
  script.


  5.8.  How do I set the permissions and ownership for the filesystem
  (IE FAT)

  Check the man page for mount for some of the options, such as setting
  the uid=value or umask=value options. One option that appears to be
  missing for FAT filesystems is mode=value. Sorry. Check in with the
  people who do mounting.


  5.9.  Who do I thank for autofs?

  Not me. I didn't have anything to do with it. I just wanted to bring
  everyone's attention to what a great job had been done with autofs,
  and how easy it is to use. Compared to the original perpetrators of
  AMD (Hint, they sell an overpriced unice with prehistoric versions of
  free tools) the autofs is very well documented and the implementors
  have my sincere thanks. Everything is stamped copyright Transmeta so
  sorry I can't provide a credits list, but I would bet Peter Anvin is
  responsible for quite a bit of it. Peter also held a session on autofs
  at linuxworldexpo on March 3, 1999.


  5.10.  Where can I learn more about automounting?

  There's a autofs tutorial at  <
  http://www.linuxhq.com/lg/issue24/nielsen.html>.  See also am-utils at
  <http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~ezk/am-utils>

  (Thanks for these URLs)

